Windows server 2008 wiki

«Windows 08» redirects here and is not to be confused with Windows 8. It is also not to be confused with Windows Server 2012, codenamed «Windows Server 8».

Windows Server 2008

Windows Server 2008, codenamed «Longhorn Server» (alternatives: «Windows Vista Server» or «Windows Server Vista»), is the seventh major version of the Windows NT operating system produced by Microsoft to be released under the Windows Server brand name. It was released to manufacturing on February 4, 2008, and generally to retail on February 27, 2008. Derived from Windows Vista, Windows Server 2008 is the successor to Windows Server 2003 R2 and the predecessor to Windows Server 2008 R2. It removed support for computers without ACPI, and is the first version that includes Hyper-V.

It is the last version of Windows Server that supports 32-bit processors (IA-32).

As of July 2019, 60% of Windows Servers were running Windows Server 2008.^[11]

Microsoft had released Windows Vista to mixed reception, and their last Windows Server release was based on Windows XP. The operating system’s working title was Windows Server Codename «Longhorn», but was later changed to Windows Server 2008 when Microsoft chairman Bill Gates announced it during his keynote address at WinHEC on May 16, 2007.^[12]

Beta 1 was released on July 27, 2005; Beta 2 was announced and released on May 23, 2006, at WinHEC 2006 and Beta 3 was released publicly on April 25, 2007.^[13] Release Candidate 0 was released to the general public on September 24, 2007^[14] and Release Candidate 1 was released to the general public on December 5, 2007. Windows Server 2008 was released to manufacturing on February 4, 2008, and officially launched on the 27th of that month.^[15]

Windows Server 2008 is built from the same codebase as Windows Vista and thus it shares much of the same architecture and functionality. Since the codebase is common, Windows Server 2008 inherits most of the technical, security, management and administrative features new to Windows Vista such as the rewritten networking stack (native IPv6, native wireless, speed and security improvements); improved image-based installation, deployment and recovery; improved diagnostics, monitoring, event logging and reporting tools; new security features such as BitLocker and address space layout randomization (ASLR); the improved Windows Firewall with secure default configuration; .NET Framework 3.0 technologies, specifically Windows Communication Foundation, Microsoft Message Queuing and Windows Workflow Foundation; and the core kernel, memory and file system improvements. Processors and memory devices are modeled as Plug and Play devices to allow hot-plugging of these devices. This allows the system resources to be partitioned dynamically using dynamic hardware partitioning – each partition has its own memory, processor and I/O host bridge devices independent of other partitions.^[16]

Windows Server 2008 includes a variation of installation called Server Core. Server Core is a significantly scaled-back installation where no Windows Explorer shell is installed. It also lacks Internet Explorer, and many other non-essential features. All configuration and maintenance is done entirely through command-line interface windows, or by connecting to the machine remotely using Microsoft Management Console (MMC). Notepad and some Control Panel applets, such as Regional Settings, are available.

A Server Core installation can be configured for several basic roles, including the domain controller (Active Directory Domain Services), Active Directory Lightweight Directory Services (formerly known as Active Directory Application Mode^[17]), DNS Server, DHCP server, file server, print server, Windows Media Server, Internet Information Services 7 web server and Hyper-V virtual server roles. Server Core can also be used to create a cluster with high availability using failover clustering or network load balancing.

Andrew Mason, a program manager on the Windows Server team, noted that a primary motivation for producing a Server Core variant of Windows Server 2008 was to reduce the attack surface of the operating system, and that about 70% of the security vulnerabilities in Microsoft Windows from the prior five years would not have affected Server Core.^[18]

The Active Directory domain functionality that was retained from Windows Server 2003 was renamed to Active Directory Domain Services (ADDS).^[19]

• Active Directory Federation Services (ADFS) enables enterprises to share credentials with trusted partners and customers, allowing a consultant to use their company user name and password to log in on a client’s network.
• Active Directory Lightweight Directory Services (AD LDS), (formerly Active Directory Application Mode, or ADAM)
• Active Directory Certificate Services (ADCS) allow administrators to manage user accounts and the digital certificates that allow them to access certain services and systems. Identity Integration Feature Pack is included as Active Directory Metadirectory Services.
• Active Directory Rights Management Services (ADRMS)
• Read-only domain controllers (RODCs), intended for use in branch office or other scenarios where a domain controller may reside in a low physical security environment. The RODC holds a non-writeable copy of Active Directory, and redirects all write attempts to a full domain controller. It replicates all accounts except sensitive ones.^[20] In RODC mode, credentials are not cached by default. Also, local administrators can be designated to log on to the machine to perform maintenance tasks without requiring administrative rights on the entire domain.^[21]
• Restartable Active Directory allows ADDS to be stopped and restarted from the Management Console or the command-line without rebooting the domain controller. This reduces downtime for offline operations and reduces overall DC servicing requirements with Server Core. ADDS is implemented as a Domain Controller Service in Windows Server 2008.
• All of the Group Policy improvements from Windows Vista are included. Group Policy Management Console (GPMC) is built-in. The Group Policy objects are indexed for search and can be commented on.^[22]
• Policy-based networking with Network Access Protection, improved branch management and enhanced end user collaboration. Policies can be created to ensure greater quality of service for certain applications or services that require prioritization of network bandwidth between client and server.
• Granular password settings within a single domain – ability to implement different password policies for administrative accounts on a «group» and «user» basis, instead of a single set of password settings to the whole domain.

Windows Server 2008 offers high availability to services and applications through Failover Clustering. Most server features and roles can be kept running with little to no downtime.

In Windows Server 2008, the way clusters are qualified changed significantly with the introduction of the cluster validation wizard.^[23] The cluster validation wizard is a feature that is integrated into failover clustering in Windows Server 2008. With the cluster validation wizard, an administrator can run a set of focused tests on a collection of servers that are intended to use as nodes in a cluster. This cluster validation process tests the underlying hardware and software directly, and individually, to obtain an accurate assessment of how well failover clustering can be supported on a given configuration.

This feature is only available in Enterprise and Datacenter editions of Windows Server.

• The ability to resize hard disk partitions without stopping the server, even the system partition. This applies only to simple and spanned volumes, not to striped volumes.
• Shadow Copy based block-level backup which supports optical media, network shares and Windows Recovery Environment.
• DFS enhancements – SYSVOL on DFS-R, Read-only Folder Replication Member. There is also support for domain-based DFS namespaces that exceed the previous size recommendation of 5,000 folders with targets in a namespace.^[24]
• Several improvements to Failover Clustering (high-availability clusters).^[25]
• Internet Storage Naming Server (iSNS) enables central registration, deregistration and queries for iSCSI hard drives.
• Self-healing NTFS: In Windows versions prior to Windows Vista, if the operating system detected corruption in the file system of an NTFS volume, it marked the volume «dirty»; to correct errors on the volume, it had to be taken offline. With self-healing NTFS, an NTFS worker thread is spawned in the background which performs a localized fix-up of damaged data structures, with only the corrupted files/folders remaining unavailable without locking out the entire volume and needing the server to be taken down. S.M.A.R.T. detection techniques were added to help determine when a hard disk may fail.^[26]

Hyper-V is hypervisor-based virtualization software, forming a core part of Microsoft’s virtualization strategy. It virtualizes servers on an operating system’s kernel layer. It can be thought of as partitioning a single physical server into multiple small computational partitions. Hyper-V includes the ability to act as a Xen virtualization hypervisor host allowing Xen-enabled guest operating systems to run virtualized.^[27] A beta version of Hyper-V shipped with certain x86-64 editions of Windows Server 2008, prior to Microsoft’s release of the final version of Hyper-V on 26 June 2008 as a free download. Also, a standalone variant of Hyper-V exists; this variant supports only x86-64 architecture.^[28] While the IA-32 editions of Windows Server 2008 cannot run or install Hyper-V, they can run the MMC snap-in for managing Hyper-V.

Windows System Resource Manager (WSRM) is integrated into Windows Server 2008. It provides resource management and can be used to control the amount of resources a process or a user can use based on business priorities. Process Matching Criteria, which is defined by the name, type or owner of the process, enforces restrictions on the resource usage by a process that matches the criteria. CPU time, bandwidth that it can use, number of processors it can be run on, and allocated to a process can be restricted. Restrictions can be set to be imposed only on certain dates as well.

Server Manager is a new roles-based management tool for Windows Server 2008.^[29] It is a combination of Manage Your Server and Security Configuration Wizard from Windows Server 2003. Server Manager is an improvement of the Configure my server dialog that launches by default on Windows Server 2003 machines. However, rather than serve only as a starting point to configuring new roles, Server Manager gathers together all of the operations users would want to conduct on the server, such as, getting a remote deployment method set up, adding more server roles etc., and provides a consolidated, portal-like view about the status of each role.^[30]

• Support for 128- and 256-bit AES encryption for the Kerberos authentication protocol.
• New cryptography (CNG) API which supports elliptic-curve cryptography and improved certificate management.
• Secure Socket Tunneling Protocol, a new Microsoft proprietary VPN protocol.
• AuthIP, a Microsoft proprietary extension of the IKE cryptographic protocol used in IPsec VPN networks.
• Server Message Block 2.0 protocol in the new TCP/IP stack provides a number of communication enhancements, including greater performance when connecting to file shares over high-latency links and better security through the use of mutual authentication and message signing.

• Fully componentized operating system.
• Improved hot patching, a feature that allows non-kernel patches to occur without the need for a reboot.
• Support for being booted from Extensible Firmware Interface (EFI)-compliant firmware on x86-64 systems.
• Dynamic Hardware Partitioning supports hot-addition or replacement of processors and memory, on capable hardware.
• Windows Deployment Services (WDS) replacing Automated Deployment Services Windows Server 2008 home entertainment and Remote Installation Services. Windows Deployment Services supports an enhanced multicast feature when deploying operating system images.^[31]
• Internet Information Services 7 – Increased security, Robocopy deployment, improved diagnostic tools, delegated administration.
• Windows Internal Database, a variant of SQL Server Express 2005, which serves as a common storage back-end for several other components such as Windows System Resource Manager, Windows SharePoint Services and Windows Server Update Services. It is not intended to be used by third-party applications.
• An optional «desktop experience» component provides the same Windows Aero user interface as Windows Vista, both for local users, as well as remote users connecting through Remote Desktop.

• The Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing protocol component in Routing and Remote Access Service was removed.^[32]
• Services for Macintosh, which provided file and print sharing via the now deprecated AppleTalk protocol, has been removed. Services for Macintosh were initially removed in Windows XP but were available in Windows Server 2003.^[32]
• NTBackup is replaced by Windows Server Backup, and no longer supports backing up to tape drives.^[33] As a result of NTBackup removal, Exchange Server 2007 does not have volume snapshot backup functionality; however Exchange Server 2007 SP2 adds back an Exchange backup plug-in for Windows Server Backup which restores partial functionality.^[34] Windows Small Business Server and Windows Essential Business Server both include this Exchange backup component.^[35]
• The POP3 service has been removed from Internet Information Services 7.0.^[36] The SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) service is not available as a server role in IIS 7.0, it is a server feature managed through IIS 6.0.
• NNTP (Network News Transfer Protocol) is no longer part of Internet Information Services 7.0.
• ReadyBoost, which is available in Windows Vista, is not supported in Windows Server 2008.

Most editions of Windows Server 2008 are available in x86-64 and IA-32 variants. These editions come in two DVDs: One for installing the IA-32 variant and the other for x64. Windows Server 2008 for Itanium-based Systems supports IA-64 processors. The IA-64 variant is optimized for high-workload scenarios like database servers and Line of Business (LOB) applications. As such, it is not optimized for use as a file server or media server. Windows Server 2008 is the last 32-bit Windows server operating system.^[37]
Editions of Windows Server 2008 include:^[38]

• Windows Server 2008 Foundation (codenamed «Lima»; x86-64) for OEMs only^[39]
• Windows Server 2008 Standard (IA-32 and x86-64)
• Windows Server 2008 Enterprise (IA-32 and x86-64)
• Windows Server 2008 Datacenter (IA-32 and x86-64)
• Windows Server 2008 for Itanium-based Systems (IA-64)
• Windows Web Server 2008 (IA-32 and x86-64)
• Windows HPC Server 2008 (codenamed «Socrates»; replacing Windows Compute Cluster Server)
• Windows Storage Server 2008 (codenamed «Magni»; IA-32 and x86-64)
• Windows Small Business Server 2008 (codenamed «Cougar»; x86-64) for small businesses
• Windows Essential Business Server 2008 (codenamed «Centro»; x86-64) for medium-sized businesses^[40] – this edition was discontinued in 2010.^[41]

The Microsoft Imagine program, known as DreamSpark at the time, used to provide verified students with the 32-bit variant of Windows Server 2008 Standard Edition, but the version has since then been removed. However, they still provide the R2 release.

The Server Core feature is available in the Web, Standard, Enterprise and Datacenter editions.

Windows Server 2008 Foundation Released on May 21, 2009.^[42]

System requirements for Windows Server 2008 are as follows:

Windows Server 2008 supports the following maximum hardware specifications:^[46][47][48]

Windows Server 2008 shares most of its updates with Windows Vista, given that the operating systems share a codebase. A workaround using the Microsoft Update Catalog allowed the installation of updates for Windows Server 2008 on Windows Vista,^[49] adding nearly 3 years of security updates to that operating system (Support for Windows Vista ended on April 11, 2017,^[50] while support for Windows Server 2008 ended on January 14, 2020).

The RTM release of Windows Server 2008 already includes the updates and fixes of Windows Vista Service Pack 1.

Service Pack 2 was initially announced on October 24, 2008^[51] and released on May 26, 2009. Service Pack 2 added new features, such as Windows Search 4.0, support for Bluetooth 2.1, the ability to write to Blu-ray discs, and simpler Wi-Fi configuration. Windows Server 2008 specifically received the final release of Hyper-V 1.0, improved backwards compatibility with Terminal Server license keys and an approximate 10% reduction in power usage with this service pack.^[52]

Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008 share the same service pack update binary.^[53]

On October 27, 2009, Microsoft released the Platform Update for Windows Server 2008 and Windows Vista. It backports several APIs and libraries introduced in Windows Server 2008 R2 and Windows 7 to Windows Server 2008 and Windows Vista, including the Ribbon API, DirectX 11, the XPS library, the Windows Automation API and the Portable Device Platform.^[54] A supplemental update was released in 2011 to provide improvements and bug fixes.^[55]

Windows Server 2008 shipped with Internet Explorer 7, the same version that shipped with Windows Vista. The last supported version of Internet Explorer for Windows Server 2008 was Internet Explorer 9, released in 2011. Internet Explorer 9 was continually updated with cumulative monthly update rollups until support for Internet Explorer 9 on Windows Server 2008 ended on January 14, 2020.^[56] IE9 continued to receive updates as long as the operating system was with Extended Security Updates until January 10, 2023 for non-Azure customers and January 9, 2024 for Azure customers respectively and January 2026 for Premium Assurance customers.

The latest supported version of the .NET Framework officially is version 4.6, released on October 15, 2015.^[57]

In July 2017, Microsoft released an update to add TLS 1.1 and 1.2 support to Windows Server 2008, however it is disabled by default after installing the update.^[58]

Starting in March 2019, Microsoft began transitioning to exclusively signing Windows updates with the SHA-2 algorithm. As a result of this Microsoft released several updates throughout 2019 to add SHA-2 signing support to Windows Server 2008.^[59]

In June 2018, Microsoft announced that they would be moving Windows Server 2008 to a monthly update model beginning with updates released in September 2018^[60] – two years after Microsoft switched the rest of their supported operating systems to that model.^[61]

With the new update model, instead of updates being released as they became available, only two update packages were released on the second Tuesday of every month until Windows Server 2008 reached its end of life – one package containing security and quality updates, and a smaller package that contained only the security updates. Users could choose which package they wanted to install each month. Later in the month, another package would be released which was a preview of the next month’s security and quality update rollup.

Installing the preview rollup package released for Windows Server 2008 on March 19, 2019, or any later released rollup package, will update the operating system kernel’s build number from version 6.0.6002 to 6.0.6003. This change was made so Microsoft could continue to service the operating system while avoiding «version-related issues».^[2]

The last free security update rollup packages were released on January 14, 2020.^[62]

A second release of Windows Server 2008 (codenamed: Windows Server 7) based on Windows 7, Windows Server 2008 R2, was released to manufacturing on July 22, 2009^[63] and became generally available on October 22, 2009.^[64] New features added in Windows Server 2008 R2 include new virtualization features, new Active Directory features, Internet Information Services 7.5 and support for up to 256 logical processors. It is the first server operating system by Microsoft to exclusively support 64-bit processors, while consumer-oriented versions of Windows maintained 32-bit support until Windows 11 in 2021. It is also the final version of Windows Server that supports IA-64-based processors.

A service pack for Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2, formally designed Service Pack 1, was released in February 2011.^[65]

Support for the RTM version of Windows Server 2008 ended on July 12, 2011,^[4] and users can no longer receive further security updates for the operating system. As a component of Windows Vista, Windows Server 2008 with Service Pack 2 continued to be supported with security updates, lasting until January 14, 2020, the same respective end-of-life dates of its successor, Windows Server 2008 R2 and Windows 7.

Microsoft planned to end support for Windows Server 2008 on January 12, 2016. However, in order to give customers more time to migrate to newer Windows versions, particularly in developing or emerging markets, Microsoft decided to extend support to January 14, 2020.^[5][7][6]

Windows Server 2008 was eligible for the paid Extended Security Updates (ESU) program. The program allowed volume license customers to purchase, in yearly installments, security updates for the operating system for three additional years, until January 10, 2023. The program was also included with Microsoft Azure purchases, and Azure customers received an extra year of support, until January 9, 2024. The licenses are paid for on a per-machine basis. If a user purchases an Extended Security Updates license in a later year of the program, they must pay for any previous years of Extended Security Updates as well.^[5][66]

Prior to the ESU program becoming available, Windows Server 2008 was eligible for the now discontinued, paid Premium Assurance program (an add-on to Microsoft Software Assurance) available to volume license customers. Microsoft will, however, honor the program for customers who purchased it between March 2017 and July 2018 (while it was available). The program provides an extra six years of security update support, until January 13, 2026.^{[9][8][10][67]} This will mark the final end of all security updates for the Windows NT 6.0 product line after 19 years, 2 months, and 5 days.

Paid extended updates are not available for Itanium customers.^[68][67]

• BlueKeep (security vulnerability)
• Comparison of Microsoft Windows versions
• Comparison of operating systems
• Microsoft Windows version history
• List of operating systems
• Microsoft Servers

• Windows Server Performance Team Blog

Windows Server 2008 (codenamed Longhorn Server) is the fourth release of the Windows Server operating system produced by Microsoft as part of the Windows NT family of operating systems. It was released to manufacturing on February 4, 2008 and generally to retail on February 27, 2008. Derived from Windows Vista, Windows Server 2008 succeeds Windows Server 2003.

A second release, named Windows Server 2008 R2 (codenamed Windows Longhorn Server R2), was released alongside Windows 7 on October 22, 2009.

History[]

Originally known as Windows Server Codename «Longhorn», Microsoft chairman Bill Gates announced its official title (Windows Server 2008) during his keynote address at WinHEC 16 May 2007.

Beta 1 was released on 27 July 2005, Beta 2 was announced and released on 23 May 2006 at WinHEC 2006 and Beta 3 was released publicly on 25 April 2007. Release Candidate 0 was released to the general public on 24 September 2007 and Release Candidate 1 was released to the general public on 5 December 2007. Windows Server 2008 was released to manufacturing on 4 February 2008 and officially launched on 27 February 2008.

Features[]

Windows Server 2008 is built from the same code base as Windows Vista; therefore, it shares much of the same architecture and functionality. Since the code base is common, it automatically comes with most of the technical, security, management and administrative features new to Windows Vista such as the rewritten networking stack (native IPv6, native wireless, speed and security improvements); improved image-based installation, deployment and recovery; improved diagnostics, monitoring, event logging and reporting tools; new security features such as BitLocker and ASLR (address space layout randomization); improved Windows Firewall with secure default configuration; .NET Framework 3.0 technologies, specifically Windows Communication Foundation, Microsoft Message Queuing and Windows Workflow Foundation; and the core kernel, memory and file system improvements. Processors and memory devices are modeled as Plug and Play devices, to allow hot-plugging of these devices. This allows the system resources to be partitioned dynamically using Dynamic Hardware Partitioning; each partition has its own memory, processor and I/O host bridge devices independent of other partitions.

Server Core[]

Default user interface for Server Core. Because the default file dialog is removed from Server Core, programs such as Notepad use the Windows 3.x/Windows NT 3.1-style file dialog.

Windows Server 2008 includes a variation of installation called Server Core. Server Core is a significantly scaled-back installation where no Windows Explorer shell is installed. All configuration and maintenance is done entirely through command-line interface windows, or by connecting to the machine remotely using Microsoft Management Console. However, Notepad and some control panel applets, such as Regional Settings, are available.

Server Core does not include the .NET Framework, Internet Explorer, Windows PowerShell or many other features not related to core server features. A Server Core machine can be configured for several basic roles: Domain controller/Active Directory Domain Services, ADLDS (ADAM), DNS Server, DHCP server, file server, print server, Windows Media Server, IIS 7 web server and Hyper-V virtual server. Server Core can also be used to create a cluster with high availability using failover clustering or network load balancing.

Andrew Mason, a program manager on the Windows Server team, noted that a primary motivation for producing a Server Core variant of Windows Server 2008 was to reduce the attack surface of the operating system, and that about 70% of the security vulnerabilities in Microsoft Windows from the prior five years would not have affected Server Core.

Active Directory[]

The Active Directory domain functionality that was retained from Windows Server 2003 was renamed to Active Directory Domain Services (ADDS).

• Active Directory Federation Services (ADFS) enables enterprises to share credentials with trusted partners and customers, allowing a consultant to use their company user name and password to log in on a client’s network.
• Active Directory Lightweight Directory Services (AD LDS), (formerly Active Directory Application Mode, or ADAM)
• Active Directory Certificate Services (ADCS) allow administrators to manage user accounts and the digital certificates that allow them to access certain services and systems. Identity Integration Feature Pack is included as Active Directory Metadirectory Services.
• Active Directory Rights Management Services (ADRMS)
• Read-only domain controllers (RODCs), intended for use in branch office or other scenarios where a domain controller may reside in a low physical security environment. The RODC holds a non-writeable copy of Active Directory, and redirects all write attempts to a full domain controller. It replicates all accounts except sensitive ones. In RODC mode, credentials are not cached by default. Also, local administrators can log on to the machine to perform maintenance tasks without requiring administrative rights on the domain.
• Restartable Active Directory allows ADDS to be stopped and restarted from the Management Console or the command-line without rebooting the domain controller. This reduces downtime for offline operations and reduces overall DC servicing requirements with Server Core. ADDS is implemented as a Domain Controller Service in Windows Server 2008.
• All of the Group Policy improvements from Windows Vista are included. Group Policy Management Console (GPMC) is built-in. The Group Policy objects are indexed for search and can be commented on.
• Policy-based networking with Network Access Protection, improved branch management and enhanced end user collaboration. Policies can be created to ensure greater Quality of Service for certain applications or services that require prioritization of network bandwidth between client and server.
• Granular password settings within a single domain — ability to implement different password policies for administrative accounts on a «group» and «user» basis, instead of a single set of password settings to the whole domain.

Failover Clustering[]

Windows Server 2008 offers high availability to services and applications through Failover Clustering. Most server features and roles can be kept running with little to no downtime.

In Windows Server 2008 and Windows Server 2008 R2, the way clusters are qualified changed significantly with the introduction of the cluster validation wizard. The cluster validation wizard is a feature that is integrated into failover clustering in Windows Server 2008 and Windows Server 2008 R2. With the cluster validation wizard, an administrator can run a set of focused tests on a collection of servers that are intended to use as nodes in a cluster. This cluster validation process tests the underlying hardware and software directly, and individually, to obtain an accurate assessment of how well failover clustering can be supported on a given configuration.

This feature is only available in Enterprise and Datacenter ions of Windows Server.

Disk management and file storage[]

• The ability to resize hard disk partitions without stopping the server, even the system partition. This applies only to simple and spanned volumes, not to striped volumes.
• Shadow Copy based block-level backup which supports optical media, network shares and Windows Recovery Environment.
• DFS enhancements — SYSVOL on DFS-R, Read-only Folder Replication Member. There is also support for domain-based DFS namespaces that exceed the previous size recommendation of 5,000 folders with targets in a namespace.
• Several improvements to Failover Clustering (High-availability clusters).
• Internet Storage Naming Server (iSNS) enables central registration, deregistration and queries for iSCSI hard drives.
• Self-Healing NTFS: In Windows versions prior to Windows Vista, if the operating system detected corruption in the file system of an NTFS volume, it marked the volume «dirty»; to correct errors on the volume, it had to be taken offline. With self-healing NTFS, an NTFS worker thread is spawned in the background which performs a localized fix-up of damaged data structures, with only the corrupted files/folders remaining unavailable without locking out the entire volume and needing the server to be taken down. S.M.A.R.T. detection techniques were added to help determine when a hard disk may fail.

Hyper-V[]

Hyper-V is hypervisor-based virtualization software, forming a core part of Microsoft’s virtualization strategy. It virtualizes servers on an operating system’s kernel layer. It can be thought of as partitioning a single physical server into multiple small computational partitions. Hyper-V includes the ability to act as a Xen virtualization hypervisor host allowing Xen-enabled guest operating systems to run virtualized. A beta version of Hyper-V shipped with certain x86-64 ions of Windows Server 2008, prior to Microsoft’s release of the final version of Hyper-V on 26 June 2008 as a free download. Also, a standalone version of Hyper-V exists; this version supports only x86-64 architecture. While the IA-32 ions of Windows Server 2008 cannot run or install Hyper-V, they can run the MMC snap-in for managing Hyper-V.

Windows System Resource Manager[]

Windows System Resource Manager (WSRM) is integrated into Windows Server 2008. It provides resource management and can be used to control the amount of resources a process or a user can use based on business priorities. Process Matching Criteria, which is defined by the name, type or owner of the process, enforces restrictions on the resource usage by a process that matches the criteria. CPU time, bandwidth that it can use, number of processors it can be run on, and allocated to a process can be restricted. Restrictions can be set to be imposed only on certain dates as well.

Server Manager[]

Server Manager is a new roles-based management tool for Windows Server 2008. It is a combination of Manage Your Server and Security Configuration Wizard SCW from Windows Server 2003. Server Manager is an improvement of the Configure my server dialog that launches by default on Windows Server 2003 machines. However, rather than serve only as a starting point to configuring new roles, Server Manager gathers together all of the operations users would want to conduct on the server, such as, getting a remote deployment method set up, adding more server roles etc., and provides a consolidated, portal-like view about the status of each role.

Protocol and cryptography[]

• Support for 128- and 256-bit AES encryption for the Kerberos authentication protocol.
• New cryptography (CNG) API which supports elliptic curve cryptography and improved certificate management.
• Secure Socket Tunneling Protocol, a new Microsoft proprietary VPN protocol.
• AuthIP, a Microsoft proprietary extension of the IKE cryptographic protocol used in IPsec VPN networks.
• Server Message Block 2.0 protocol in the new TCP/IP stack provides a number of communication enhancements, including greater performance when connecting to file shares over high-latency links and better security through the use of mutual authentication and message signing.

Miscellaneous[]

• Fully multi-componentized operating system.
• Improved hot patching, a feature that allows non-kernel patches to occur without the need for a reboot.
• Support for being booted from Extensible Firmware Interface (EFI)-compliant firmware on x86-64 systems.
• Dynamic Hardware Partitioning supports hot-addition or replacement of processors and memory, on capable hardware.
• Windows Deployment Services replacing Automated Deployment Services Windows Server 2008 home entertainment and Remote Installation Services. Windows Deployment Services (WDS) support an enhanced multicast feature when deploying operating system images.^[22]
• Internet Information Services 7 — Increased security, Robocopy deployment, improved diagnostic tools, delegated administration.
• Windows Internal Database, a variant of SQL Server Express 2005, which serves as a common storage back-end for several other components such as Windows System Resource Manager, Windows SharePoint Services and Windows Server Update Services. It is not intended to be used by third-party applications.
• An optional «Desktop Experience» component provides the same Windows Aero user interface as Windows Vista, both for local users, as well as remote users connecting through Remote Desktop.

Removed features[]

See also: Features removed from Windows Vista

• The Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing protocol component in Routing and Remote Access Service was removed.
• Services for Macintosh, which provided file and print sharing via the now deprecated AppleTalk protocol, has been removed. Services for Macintosh were removed in Windows XP from client operating systems but were available in Windows Server 2003.
• NTBackup is replaced by Windows Server Backup, and no longer supports backing up to tape drives. As a result of NTBackup removal, Exchange Server 2007 does not have volume snapshot backup functionality; however Exchange Server 2007 SP2 adds back an Exchange backup plug-in for Windows Server Backup which restores partial functionality. Windows Small Business Server and Windows Essential Business Server both include this Exchange backup component.
• The POP3 service has been removed from Internet Information Services 7.0. The SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) service is not available as a server role in IIS 7.0, it is a server feature managed through IIS 6.0.
• NNTP (Network News Transfer Protocol) is no longer part of Internet Information Services 7.0.
• ReadyBoost is not supported.

Editions[]

Most editions of Windows Server 2008 are available in x86-64 and IA-32 versions. These editions come in two DVDs: One for installing the IA-32 variant and the other for x64. Windows Server 2008 for Itanium-based Systems supports IA-64 processors. The IA-64 version is optimized high-workload scenarios like database servers and Line of Business (LOB) applications. As such, it is not optimized for use as a file server or media server. Windows Server 2008 is the last 32-bit Windows server operating system. Editions of Windows Server 2008 include:

• Windows Server 2008 Standard (IA-32 and x86-64)
• Windows Server 2008 Enterprise (IA-32 and x86-64)
• Windows Server 2008 Datacenter (IA-32 and x86-64)
• Windows HPC Server 2008 (Codenamed «Socrates») (replacing Windows Compute Cluster Server)
• Windows Web Server 2008 (IA-32 and x86-64)
• Windows Storage Server 2008 (Codenamed «Magni») (IA-32 and x86-64)
• Windows Small Business Server 2008 (Codenamed «Cougar») (x86-64) for small businesses
• Windows Essential Business Server 2008 (Codenamed «Centro») (x86-64) for medium-sized businesses (Discontinued)
• Windows Server 2008 for Itanium-based Systems
• Windows Server 2008 Foundation (Codenamed «Lima») (x86-64) for OEMs only

The Microsoft Imagine program, known as DreamSpark at the time, used to provide verified students with the 32-bit variant of Windows Server 2008 Standard Edition, but the version has since then been removed. However, they still provide the R2 release.

The Server Core feature is available in the Web, Standard, Enterprise and Datacenter editions.

Updates[]

One Service Pack was released for Windows Server 2008. Because Windows Server 2008 is based on the Windows Vista Service Pack 1 kernel, the RTM release is considered to be Service Pack 1; accordingly, the service pack is called Service Pack 2. Announced on October 24, 2008, this service pack contains the same changes and improvements as the Windows Vista Service Pack 2, as well as the final release of Hyper-V 1.0, and an approximate 10% reduction in power usage.

The first SP2 beta build was sent out in October 2008, a public beta arrived in December 2008, and an RC-escrow build was given to testers in January 2009. Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008 share a single service pack binary, reflecting the fact that their code bases were joined with the release of Server 2008. On May 26, 2009, Service Pack 2 was released.

Windows Server 2008 R2[]

A second release, Windows Server 2008 R2, was released on October 22, 2009. Retail availability began September 14, 2009. Windows Server 2008 R2 reached the RTM milestone on July 22, 2009. Like Windows 7, it is built on Windows NT 6.1. New features include new virtualization features, new Active Directory features, IIS 7.5, and support for 256 logical processors. Support for 32-bit-only processors (IA-32) has been removed. On July 22, 2009, Microsoft officially announced that they had released both Windows Server 2008 R2 and Windows 7 to manufacturing. Windows Server 2008 R2 was generally available for download from MSDN and Technet on August 19 and for retail purchase from October 22, 2009.

System requirements[]

System requirements for Windows Server 2008 are as follows:

Scalability[]

Windows Server 2008 supports the following maximum hardware specifications:

Материал из РУВИКИ — свободной энциклопедии

Текущая версия страницы пока не проверялась опытными участниками и может значительно отличаться от версии, проверенной 5 июля 2022 года; проверки требуют 10 правок.

У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Windows Server.

Microsoft Windows Server 2008 (кодовое имя «Longhorn Server») — версия серверной операционной системы производства компании Microsoft. Выпущена 27 февраля 2008 года. Пришла на смену Windows Server 2003 как представитель нового поколения операционных систем семейства Vista (NT 6.x).

Windows Server 2008 — последняя версия Windows Server, которая поддерживает 32-разрядные процессоры. Её преёмнице, Windows Server 2008 R2, требуется 64-разрядный процессор в любой поддерживаемой архитектуре (x86-64 для x86 и Itanium).

Server Core[править | править код]

Windows Server 2008 включает вариант установки называемый Server Core (рус. ядро сервера). Server Core — это существенно облегченная установка Windows Server 2008 в которую не включена оболочка Windows Explorer. Вся настройка и обслуживание выполняется при помощи интерфейса командной строки Windows, или подключением к серверу удалённо посредством Консоли управления. При этом доступны Блокнот и некоторые элементы панели управления, к примеру, Региональные Настройки.

Роли Active Directory[править | править код]

С помощью Active Directory заказчики могут управлять удостоверениями и взаимоотношениями, формирующими сеть организации. Службы Active Directory интегрированы с Windows Server 2008 R2, могут использоваться сразу после развертывания и позволяют организациям централизованно настраивать параметры систем, пользователей и приложений и управлять этими параметрами. Доменные службы Active Directory (AD DS) хранят данные каталогов и управляют взаимодействием между пользователями и доменами, в том числе входом в домен, проверкой подлинности и поиском в каталоге. Кроме того, интегрированные роли поддерживают средства и технологии управления удостоверениями и доступом, которые позволяют централизованно управлять технологиями и учётными данными и предоставлять доступ к устройствам, приложениям и данным только уполномоченным пользователям.^[1]

Службы Терминалов[править | править код]

В Windows Server 2008 произошло значительное обновление Служб Терминалов (Terminal Services). Службы Терминалов теперь поддерживают Remote Desktop Protocol 6.0. Самое заметное усовершенствование, названное Terminal Services RemoteApp, позволяет опубликовать одно конкретное приложение, вместо всего рабочего стола.

Другая важная особенность, добавленная в Службы Терминалов — Terminal Services Gateway и Terminal Services Web Access (теперь полностью через web-интерфейс). Terminal Services Gateway позволяет авторизованным компьютерам безопасно подключаться к Службам Терминалов или Удаленному Рабочему Столу из интернета используя RDP через HTTPS без использования VPN. Для этого не требуется открывать дополнительный порт на межсетевом экране; трафик RDP туннелируется через HTTPS. Terminal Services Web Access позволяет администраторам обеспечивать доступ к службам терминалов через Web-интерфейс. При использовании TS Gateway и TS RemoteApp, передача данных происходит через HTTP(S) и удаленные приложения выглядят для пользователя так, как будто они запущены локально. Несколько приложений запускаются через один сеанс чтобы гарантировать отсутствие потребности в дополнительных лицензиях на пользователя.

Благодаря Terminal Services Easy Print администраторам больше нет необходимости устанавливать какие-либо драйверы для принтеров на сервер. При этом Easy Print Driver перенаправляет пользовательский интерфейс и все возможности исходного принтера. Помимо этого, он улучшает производительность при передаче заданий на печать за счет перевода заданий в формат XPS перед отправкой клиенту.

Windows PowerShell[править | править код]

Windows Server 2008 — первая операционная система Windows, выпущенная со встроенным Windows PowerShell, расширяемой оболочкой с интерфейсом командной строки и сопутствующим языком сценариев, разработанным Microsoft.^[2] Язык сценариев PowerShell был разработан специально для выполнения административных задач, и может заменить собой потребность в cmd.exe и Windows Script Host.

Самовосстанавливающаяся NTFS[править | править код]

Если в предыдущих версиях Windows операционная система обнаруживала ошибки в файловой системе тома NTFS, она отмечала том как «грязный»; исправление ошибок на томе не могло быть выполнено немедленно. С самовосстанавливающейся NTFS вместо блокировки всего тома блокируются только поврежденные файлы/папки, остающиеся недоступными на время исправления. Благодаря этому больше нет необходимости перезагрузки сервера для исправления ошибок файловой системы.

Также операционная система теперь отображает информацию S.M.A.R.T. жестких дисков чтобы помочь определить возможные сбои жёсткого диска. Впервые эта возможность появилась в Windows Vista.^[3]

Hyper-V[править | править код]

Microsoft Hyper-V, кодовое имя Viridian, технология ранее известная как Виртуализация Windows Server (Windows Server Virtualization) — система виртуализации на основе гипервизора для x64-систем. Бета-версия Hyper-V была включена в x64-версии с выходом второго релиза Windows Server 2008 R2

Windows System Resource Manager[править | править код]

Диспетчер системных ресурсов Windows (Windows System Resource Manager) Административное средство WSRM, которое позволяет управлять ресурсами сервера с целью равномерного распределения рабочей нагрузки между ролями.

Server Manager[править | править код]

Server Manager — это новое, основанное на ролях средство управления Windows Server 2008^[4]. Он является комбинацией Управления данным сервером и Мастера настройки безопасности из Windows Server 2003. Server Manager является улучшенным диалогом Мастера настройки сервера, который запускался по умолчанию в Windows Server 2003 при входе в систему. Теперь он позволяет не только добавлять новые роли, но ещё и объединяет в себе все операции, которые пользователи могут выполнять на сервере, а также обеспечивает консолидированное, выполненное в виде единого портала отображение текущего состояния каждой роли.

На данный момент невозможно удаленное использование Server Manager, однако запланировано создание клиентской версии.

• NT Backup заменён службой Windows Server Backup, в которой:
  • нет поддержки резервного копирования на стример;^[5]
  • нет возможности сделать резервную копию папки или файла — только всего диска;
  • нет возможности сделать резервную копию Exchange. Microsoft рекомендует Data Protection Manager, однако он продаётся отдельно. Windows Small Business Server и Windows Essential Business Server включают средства резервного копирования Exchange, а средства резервного копирования для не-SBS ожидаются.^[6]
• NNTP (Network News Transfer Protocol) больше не является частью Internet Information Services 7.0

Большинство изданий Windows Server 2008 доступны в версиях x64 (64-bit) и x86 (32-bit) . Windows Server 2008 для Itanium поддерживает IA-64 процессоры. Версия IA-64 оптимизирована под высокую нагрузку, например — в серверах баз данных, и не имеет дополнительной оптимизации для использования в роли файлового или медиа-сервера. Microsoft объявила, что Windows Server 2008 — последняя 32-битная версия Windows Server^[7].
Windows Server 2008 доступна в следующих редакциях^[8]:

• Windows Server 2008 Standard Edition (x86 и x64)
• Windows Server 2008 Enterprise Edition (x86 и x64)
• Windows Server 2008 Datacenter Edition (x86 и x64)
• Windows HPC Server 2008 — замена Windows Compute Cluster Server 2003 для кластерных систем
• Windows Web Server 2008 (x86 и x64)
• Windows Storage Server 2008 (x86 и x64)
• Windows Server 2008 для систем, основанных на Itanium

Server Core доступен в Web, Standard, Enterprise и Datacenter изданиях. Он не доступен в Itanium edition. Windows Server 2008 Standard Edition доступен для студентов бесплатно по программе DreamSpark.

Решения на базе Windows Server 2008[править | править код]

• Windows Small Business Server 2008 (Кодовое название «Cougar») (x64) для малого бизнеса
• Windows Essential Business Server 2008 (Кодовое название «Centro») (x64) для среднего бизнеса^[9]

В сравнении с Windows Server 2003, интерфейс системы Windows Server 2008 значительно изменён и похож на стиль Aero, который имеется в Windows Vista. Кроме того, Windows Server 2008 можно установить вообще без графического интерфейса, только действительно необходимые службы. В этом случае управление сервером осуществляется в консольном режиме^[10].

Windows Server 2008 R2

[править | править код]

Windows Server 2008 R2 — новая серверная операционная система компании «Microsoft», являющаяся усовершенствованной версией Windows Server 2008. Поступила в продажу 22 октября 2009. Как и Windows 7, Windows Server 2008 R2 использует ядро Windows NT 6.1. Новые возможности включают улучшенную виртуализацию, новую версию Active Directory, Internet Information Services 7.5 и поддержку до 256 процессоров. Система доступна только в 64-разрядном варианте.

Аппаратные требования Windows Server 2008 следующие:^[11]

• Рэнд Моримото и др. Microsoft Windows Server 2008 R2. Полное руководство = Windows Server 2008 R2 Unleashed. — М.: «Вильямс», 2010. — С. 1456. — ISBN 978-5-8459-1653-2.
• Рэнд Моримото, Майкл Ноэл, Омар Драуби, Росс Мистри, Крис Амарис. Microsoft Windows Server 2008. Полное руководство = Windows Server 2008 Unleashed. — М.: «Вильямс», 2008. — ISBN 978-5-8459-1445-3.

• Техническая документация по Windows Server 2008 и Windows Server 2008 R2

microsoft-windows:windows-server-2008

1. outline

2. new feature

3. history

4. Windows Home Server 2011

5. etc

[win7] ^{1.1 1.2} It was released together with Windows 7 .[2] Link MS Notice[3] That is, from Windows Server 2012, only AMD64 is supported, and x86 and IA-64 are not supported.[5] It would be convenient to think of it as a version with server-related technologies added to Virtualbox or VMware Workstation.[6] It was sold in small quantities at Buffalo and Microsoft.[7] Instead, you can use DDNS provided by your home router or a paid DDNS service.[8] As easy as it is, there are server admin configuration limitations.[9] For security reasons, the Windows Server OS can be used only after entering the wireless LAN into the OS and adding the function in the server manager.