Most windows are made of glass

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*
R. Murphy units 70– 77

*
A.J. Thompson, A.V. Martinet exercises 1-4

Упражнение
1. Это упражнение поможет вам освоиться
с основными функциями артиклей –
классифицирующей и маркирующей. В
следующих парах предложений попробуйте
различить их, поставив в пропуски a(n)
или the.

1. _the_
   afternoon was fine. – It was _a_ fine afternoon.

2. Susan
   is _a_ bright girl. – _the_ girl smiled at me and waved me
   good-bye.

3. I’ve
   bought myself _a_ new shirt. – _the_ shirt is all dirty.

4. _the_
   piano was in the left corner of the room – There was _a_ piano in
   the left corner of the room.

5. _the_
   new manager is very young. – Our firm needs _a_ new manager.

6. We
   had _a_ drinking competition at the club last night. – _the__
   drinking competition we had last night was a fun.

7. _the_
   angel spread his wings and flew away. – Before we were married you
   called me _an_ angel.

8. Father
   bought his little son _a_ new toy car. – What did your father say
   when you smashed _the_ new car?

9. _the__
   woman is my aunt. – Underneath every successful man there is _a_
   woman.

10. The
    hardest five years in _the_ woman’s life were between thirty and
    thirty-five. – The longest five years in _a_ woman’s life are
    between twenty-nine and thirty.

11. Don’t
    you see _the_ sign? – At the end of the road we saw _a_ sign.

12. Mr.
    Pitt is an honorable man, _a_ professor. – _the_ professor tapped
    on his desk and shouted: ‘Gentlemen, order!’. The entire class
    yelled: ‘Beer!’

13. _the_
    girl was dressed in a silk dress. – Nowadays _a_ girl wears less
    in the street than her grandmother did in bed.

14. Once
    _a_ cat was walking in the yard and saw a squirrel. – Where is
    _the_ cat? I can’t find him.

15. _the_
    dog keeps jumping on my lap. – The only Ben’s dream was to have
    _a_ dog.

Упражнение 2.
Поставьте в пропуски неопределенный
артикль в значении единицы или определенный
артикль в присущем ему маркирующем
значении.

1. Henry
   is paid _a_ hundred _a_ week. – _the_ hundred I was paid last week
   is coming to an end.

2. We
   write dictations twice _a_ month. – I swear, this was _the_
   hardest month in my life.

3. She
   left without saying _a_ word. – What does _the_ word mean? I’ve
   never met it before.

4. _the_
   cloud drew nearer and nearer. – There wasn’t _a_ single cloud in
   the sky.

5. Patients
   are not allowed to walk around during _the_ silent hour. – I’ll
   come back in _an_ hour.

6. I
   came across fresh strawberries at the market and bought _a_ pound. –
   You will find _the_ pound of apples I bought yesterday in the
   fridge.

7. _an_
   hour in the morning is worth two in the evening. – _the_ reception
   hour is from 12.00 till 13.00.

8. I
   ordered only _a_ salad. – _the_ salad consisted of tomatoes and
   cucumbers with sour cream.

9. Money
   is _the_ soul of business. – There was not _a_ soul in the office.

10. There
    isn’t _a_ single mistake in the sentence. – _the_ mistake was
    silly and this only made me more upset.

Упражнение
3. Поставим все точки над i
в конструкции ‘b
of
a’.
Вспомните правила расстановки артиклей
в этой конструкции и заполните пропуски
артиклями.

1. We
   didn’t know that _the_ inhabitants of _the_ cave were pirates.

2. What
   about _a_ nice cup of __ tea?

3. Cement
   is _a_ mixture of clay and __ chemicals.

4. _the_
   front of _the_ house was faced with granite.

5. I
   need a secretary with _a_ knowledge of __ English.

6. He
   turned down _the_ idea of __ opening a London office.

7. The
   dwarf always swims for _a_ quarter of _an_ hour in the morning.

8. The
   ogre’s bedroom was at _the_ back of _the_ house.

9. All
   I needed was _a_ word of __ truth.

10. I’ve
    brought a saw to shorten _the_ legs of _the_ table.

11. The
    boy certainly has _a_ sense of __ humour.

12. Where
    are you going with _a_ bucket of __ water?

13. I
    forgot _the_ name of _the_ street my friend lives on.

14. Sam
    had _a_ nice feeling of __ relaxation.

15. _the_
    end of _the_ story was sad.

16. _the_
    beginning of _a_ new school year is always an exciting event.

17. I
    want _a_ pound of __ cherries and _a_ kilo of __ apples.

18. _the_
    bottom of _the_ ocean is inhabited by lots of sea species.

19. _the_
    top of _the_ mountain was covered with snow.

20. _the_
    foot of _a_ mountain is usually a dangerous place to camp at.

Упражнение 4.
Пробежимся по мелким правилам (приемы
пищи, время суток, артикли с учреждениями).
Вставьте в пропуски артикль (любой),
если он нужен.

1. After
   __ breakfast we all gathered in the hall. – Paul is standing us
   _a_ breakfast on Friday. – _the_ breakfast was rather decent.

2. We
   had __ coffee in a pub near Trafalgar Square. – I have only five
   minutes for _a_ coffee. – I’m not going to drink _the_ coffee.
   It’s cold.

3. At
   __ dinner everyone kept silent. – We were invited to _a_ dinner at
   the Pitts’. – I didn’t like _the_ dinner. The meat was
   underdone to my taste.

4. At
   __ dawn I always feel happy. – _the_ dawn of the third day was
   chilly. – It was _a_ beautiful dawn.

5. It
   was __ early autumn. – It was _a_ dry autumn. – _the_ autumn of
   1966 was warm.

6. The
   Pitts took their neighbours to __ court. – Mr. Pitt is a judge. He
   works at _a_ court. – I didn’t agree with _the_ court’s
   decision and made an appeal.

7. It
   was Sunday and the Pitts were at __ church. – _a_ new church is
   being built in our town. – _the_ new church is undoubtedly the
   most beautiful one.

8. We
   don’t have to go to __ school today, and we are over the moon with
   joy. – I wonder what’s life is like in _an_ English private
   school. – There was a chapel in front of _the_ school.

9. __
   prison is not the answer to many social problems. – There is a
   good library in _the_ prison. – Sometimes, especially on rainy
   days, the castle looked like _a_ prison.

10. Rosy
    refused to go to __ hospital unless I promised to look after her
    cat. – There is _an_ old military hospital in the area. – The
    staff of _the_ hospital has a good reputation for performing
    transplant operations.

Упражнение
5. Поставьте артикли в фиксированных
сочетаниях (если они нужны). Выучите
эти
словосочетания.

All
of _a_ sudden; as _a_ result; on __ foot; in __ demand; to tell _the_
truth; to be at _a_ loss; once _a_ week; from __ head to __ foot; as
_a_ matter of __ fact; in _a_ loud voice; at __ first sight; _the_
day before yesterday; after __ lunch; two times _a_ day; in __ fact;
to have _a_ good time; from __ start to ___ finish;
to
play _the_ violin; in __ conclusion; at __ times; in __ advance; to
be in _a_ hurry; at __ last; from __ time to __ time; by __ mistake;
_the_ other day; at __ sunset; to watch __ TV; to listen to _the_
radio; to be in __ bed; for __ example; to tell _the_ time; by __
bicycle; to take _a_ seat; in _a_ good mood; by __ heart; at __ sea;
in __ fact; at __ present; in _the_future; at __ work; from __ hand
to __ mouth; in __ time.

Упражнение
6. Артикли с именами собственными.
Поставьте ‘the’
там, где нужно.

_the_
Andes; _the_ Baikal; _the_ Crimea; _the_ Hague; _the_ Panama Canal;
_the_ Antarctic Continent; __ Belgium; __ Dublin; __ Havana; _the_
Maldives; __ Persian Gulf; _the_ Bay of Bengal; _the_ English
Channel; _the_ Hawaiian Isles; __ New Zealand; _the_ Philippines;
_the_ Arctic Ocean; _the_ Caucasus; __ Everest; __ Hudson Bay; _the_
Netherlands; _the_ Sahara; __ Asia; __ Central America; __ Gibraltar;
_the_ Kalahari; _the_ North Pole; __ Sakhalin; _the_ Bahamas; __
Corsica; __ Great Bear Lake; _the_ Ladoga; _the_ Pacific Ocean; _the_
Urals; __ Thanksgiving; __ Christmas; __ Trafalgar Square; __ London
University; __ Cooper’s Art School; __ Waterloo Bridge; __
Piccadilly Circus; _the_ Kremlin; _the_ University of __ Florida; __
Queen Elizabeth; __ Eiffel Tower; __ St. Paul’s Cathedral; __
President Kennedy; _the_ President; __ Vatican; __ White House; __
Hyde Park; __ Cambridge; __ Buckingham Palace; _the_ British Museum;
_the_ Tower of London; __ Westminster Abbey; _the_ Houses of
Parliament.

Упражнение
7. Обобщаем материал. Вставляем в пробелы
артикль, если он нужен

1.
_the_Grand Hotel is in __ Baker street. 2. I read about _the_
accident in _the_ Washington Post. 3. _the_Suez Canal joins _the_
Indian Ocean with _the_ Atlantic Ocean. 4. _the_Nile is _the_ longest
river in __ Africa. 5. _the_Chinese invented __ printing. 6. I’d
like to have _a_ guitar though I can play only _the_ piano. 7. __
Life is all right if you have _a_ job but __ things are not so easy
for _the_ unemployed. 8. All _the_ books on _the_ top shelf belong to
me. 9. London is famous for its __ St. Paul’s Cathedral, _the_
Houses of Parliament, _the_ Tower of London, __ Buckingham Palace, __
Westminster Abbey and _the_ British Museum. 10. _the_ film wasn’t
very good but I liked _the_ music. 11. _the_economic situation is
very bad. Many people are out of __work. 12. Ann works as _a_ cleaner
at _a_ hospital so _the_ hospital is very clean. 13. _the_ lunch was
really nice. I had _(an)_ Italian soup, _(a)_ salad, and __ grapes.
14. _the_ sun is _a_ star. 15. _the_ Smiths bought _a_ nice house in
_the_ country. 16. Susan works in _the_ city centre. 17. Sam sat on
_a/the_ chair near _the_ door. 18. What __ expensive furniture! 19.
Why do you take __ things without _a_ permission? 20. John is having
_an_ interview for _a_ job tomorrow. 21. Bill is _a_ workaholic. 22.
It was _a_ long-term agreement. 23. __ most windows are made of __
glass. 24. _the_ glass of my watch is broken and one of _the_ hands
is missing. 25. _the_ audience was stone silent. 26. __the girl is
really _a_ great talker. 27. In America, “neighbor” has _a_
friendly connotation, in England it is _a_ chilly word, nearly always
_a_ stranger. 28. _the_ rain was still beating on _the_ windows. 29.
_the_ road snaked its way across _the_ hills. 30. Emma hoped _the_
baby would be _a_ girl.

Упражнение
8. Задание
прежнее

1.
_the_ end of _the_ novel puzzled all _the_ readers. 2. At _the_ age
of fifty he still had _a_ figure of _a_ young man. 3. It was _a_
cold, clear night without _a_ cloud but _the_ wind blowing from _the_
Thames was sharp with __ frost. 4. There is _a_ legend about _a_ bird
that sings only once. From _the_ time it is born, it searches for _a_
thorn tree and, when it finds one, it flies at _the_ longest,
sharpest thorn. As it dies, _the_ bird sings its song – _the_ most
beautiful one. 5. It was _an_ old song about _a_ boat from Liverpool
that went on _a_ long voyage across _the_ Atlantic. _the_song was
almost as long as _the_ voyage but Disco sang it to _the_ end. 6.
_the_ English governed _the_ oceans in _the_ 19^th
century as if they were their own property. 7. _the_ Red Sea is _the_
saltiest sea in _the_ world, and its water is used for __ medical
purposes. 8. _the_ Queen smiled. She had told _a_ black lie. 9. In
_the_ middle of _the_ year he made _a_ second trip to Fairley Hall.
10. _the_ village where my relatives live is such _an_ idyllic place.
11. _the_ bell rang _a_ third time to indicate _the_ beginning of
_the_ class. 12. _the_ Girl is _a_ born peacemaker. 13. _the_ farm
itself was surrounded by __ green fields divided by _an_ old stone
wall built _a_ century ago. 14. _the_ fields sloped down into _a_
valley below, where _the_ river Nidd was shining like _a_ silver
thread against _the_ green . 15. __ brunch is _a_ meal that you eat
in _the_ late morning. 16. They had _a_ dinner for six. 17. It was
_a_ fine afternoon. 18. _the_ morning was chilly. 19. It was _a_
sunless day. 20. __ twilight always makes me feel sad, I don’t know
why. 21. If you look ugly in _the_ early morning, sleep till noon.
22. This is _the_ way of _the_ world. 23. Edwina lived in _a_ world
entirely of her own making. 24. Isn’t it _a_ small world? 25. _the_
horizon is _the_ line at which _the_ earth (or _the_ sea) and _the_
sky seem to meet. 26. _the_ moon cast _a_ dancing reflection onto
_the_ river. 27. _the_lion is _the_ national emblem of __ Great
Britain. 28. _(the)_ market is _an_ exciting and colourful part of
_a(the)_ town, full of __ noise and __ bustle. 29. We met every day
after __ school. 30. This is _a_ school with more than one thousand
pupils. _the_ school was built in 1909.

Упражнение
9. Подобное
двум
предыдущим

1.
_a_ foul morning may turn to _a_ fair day. 2. _a_ nod from _the_
lord is __ breakfast for _a_ fool. 3. After __ dinner sit _a_ while,
after __ supper walk _a_ mile. 4. All are not __ saints that go to __
church. 5. _an_ hour in _the_ morning is worth two in _the_ evening.
6. Better to go to __ bed supperless than rise in __ debt. 7. __ hope
is _a_ good breakfast but _a_ bad supper. 8. Max left _the_ Ritz
Hotel after their __ dinner at __ Annabel’s and walked home
crossing _the_ Piccadilly and heading through __ Half Moon Street
into _the_ Mayfair. 9. __Easter Island in _the_ Pacific was
discovered in 1722. 10. _the_ Gulf Stream is _a_ warm ocean current
which flows from _the_ Gulf of Mexico, along _the_ south-east coast
of _the_ United States. 11. In _the_ vicinity of _the_ house were
_the_ Rodin Museum, _the_ French Academy, and _the_ Hotel des
Invalides, housing _the_ tomb of Napoleon I. 12. _the_ two young
women had attended _the_ Sorbonna at _the_ same time. 13. _the_
hunters got lost in _the_ Rocky Mountains. 14. __ Buckingham Palace,
__ Trafalgar Square, _the_ Houses of Parliament, _the_ Tower of
London, _ Tower Bridge, _the_ National Gallery are _the_ usual sights
in _the_ English capital. 15. In the morning she used to read __
“Vogue”, and he usually read __ “Mirror”. 16. _the_ Low
Countries include _the_ Netherlands, __ Belgium and __ Luxembourg.
17. _the_ Colorado River flows through _the_ Grand Canyon. 18. _the_
names of _the_ following streets have _a_ definite article: _the_
Mall, _the_ Strand, _the_ Wall Street, _the_ Unter den Linden. 19.
_the_ England of _the_ XXII century will be very different from _the_
England of our days. 20. _the_House drew her back like _a_ magnet.
21. _the_ sea was like __ black oil. 22. There’s no fool like _an_
old fool. 23. They danced in __ silence, __ cheek to __ cheek. 24.
Why are you talking in _a_ whisper? 25. He has always been as solid
as _a_ rock, hardworking, dependable, devoted and loyal. 26. “your
words are not flattering,” she replied with _a_ dry smile. 27. “I
can never be yours,” she said with __ pathos, and he accepted _the_
words with _a_ heavy heart. 28. If you had as little money as __
manners, you’d be _the_ poorest of all __ people. 29. _the_
beginning of _a_ detective story should be mysterious and gripping.
30. _the_ beginning of _the_ novel was boring but _the_ end was
fantastic. 31. In big cities people have to live in __ blocks of
flats. 32. Julia worked hard and soon she was at _the_ top of _the_
class. 33. _the_ snow lay thick on _the_ roof of _the_ house. 34.
_the_ roof of _a_ private house needs regular care. 35. Chris had _a_
feeling of complete and __ utter love. 36. For her, the Union Jack
was not merely _the_ national emblem of Great Britain, but _the_
symbol of __ justice, __ democracy and __ freedom. 37. _the_ piece of
__ information we’ve just got is very timely. 38. They sat down on
a bench under _the_ shade of _a_ weeping willow. 39. _the_ proof of
_a_ pudding is in the eating. 40. Matilda, _a_ sensitive and
brilliant girl, was very quick to learn.

Упражнение
10. Немного усложним задание. Теперь
нужно не только подумать, какой артикль
поставить, но и куда его деть.
Существительные, которым, возможно,
требуется артикль, подчеркнуты.

1. I
   have discovered during my long career as a teacher that a bad girl
   is a far more dangerous creature than a bad boy.

2. the
   Latest findings of the parliamentary group produced accurate
   figures.

3. Let’s
   take the children to the circus on Sunday morning.

4. Look,
   there is a beautiful butterfly on the wall.

5. Common
   sense is a person’s natural ability to behave in a practical and
   sensible way.

6. Money
   is the soul of business.

7. Advice
   to a fool is a waste of time; it goes in one ear and out of the
   other.

8. the
   Lawyer went to the hospital to make a will for Mr. Pitt.

9. At
   five-thirty we had an early supper of sausages and bacon.

10. Dinner
    was served from the buffet and people were wandering around with
    plates of food.

11. the
    Dead no longer need help. We must concern ourselves with the living.
    We must build houses and schools.

12. I
    went to the school to talk to the headmistress. I persuaded her to
    let Ann give up gymnastics and take ballet lessons instead.

13. My
    mother goes to church in the morning and in the evening she goes to
    visit friends.

14. Man
    is a reasoning animal.

15. He
    had a hasty lunch in a café near Bond Street.

16. Darkness
    doesn’t disturb cats. Cats can see in the dark.

17. –
    I
    hope you’ll have a lovely time and good weather. – But I’m not
    going for a holiday. I’m going on business.

18. Day
    after day things may be very much the same.

19. the
    Windscreen was smashed and the driver was cut in the face by broken
    glass.

20. It
    was a windy morning but they hired a boat and went for a sail along
    the coast.

21. I’ve
    told you a hundred times not to come into a room with a hat on.

22. There
    was a collision between a car and a cyclist at the crossroads near
    my house early in the morning.

23. Suddenly
    making a decision, taking control of the situation, he said in a
    firm voice, “Let’s go. I’ll take you to lunch. I know a good
    place for a hamburger and a salad.

24. Oxford
    is situated in the south of England, about fifty miles north-west of
    London.

25. Ballet
    isn’t much use for girls. It’s much better to be able to play
    the piano.

26. Little
    is known about the effect of this drug, but a chemist will sell it
    to you without a prescription.

27. I
    didn’t like both of the visitors. One of them was a shabby and
    miserable man of about forty. the Other one was such a fright that I
    even got a little scared.

28. That’s
    the other side of the coin, so to say.

29. a
    Bar of chocolate is a good snack.

30. the
    Ogre kept grinning from ear to ear.

Упражнение11.
И еще чуть сложнее. Теперь даже нет
подчеркнутых слов. Творите!

1.
the Meeting for me is like a jump into the unknown. 2. It’s still
unknown when the officials are going to take decisive measures. 3.
Ben often thought regretfully about the past. 4. the Book is about
the dazzling world of the rich and powerful. 5. Mr. Pitt is a
well-known economist, an expert in his field. 6. Helen Westwood, a
professor of philology, studies the slang of teenagers. 7. He is the
President, so he has the last word. 8. Will Prime Minister Blaire
discuss it with the Queen? 9. Mother and child should be protected by
the State. 10. the Moon was rolling slowly in the sky, from star to
star. 11. the Traffic stood nose to tail all the way down the Strand.
12. the English will endure any amount of humiliation and suffering
if you can promise them a nice cup of tea at the end of it. 13. At
one end of the town stood an old church. Most of the shops lay beyond
the church. 14. a Traffic warden is a man or a woman who controls car
parking in towns. 15. People of the Hawaiian Islands speak the
Polynesian language. 16. Life is easier than you would think; all
that is necessary is to accept the impossible, do without the
indispensable, and bear the intolerable. 17. When a woman agrees to
marry a man, he gives her an engagement ring. 18. Teachers are like
weather, one minute good, one minute bad. 19. Opening the fridge
door, Jake took out a beer, opened it and drank the cold beer from
the bottle. 20. the Evidence of a happy marriage is when husband and
wife enjoy each other’s company. 21. We’d like to have a wedding
in the fall, in early October, just as the foliage begins to turn
yellow. 22. Emma’s eyes rested on the memorandum again. Here was
the opportunity she had been waiting for.

Упражнение12.
Теперь подумайте, какой артикль
понадобится выделенным словам при
переводе на английский язык.

1.
Он прожил a
безгрешную жизнь.
2. Это a
вопрос
времени.
3. Это было a
очень
счастливое время.
4. Упорный труд
приносит успех.
5. Она выращивает чудесные цветы.
6. Если с ее головы упадет хоть a
волос,
ты очень пожалеешь. 7.
the Последние
новости
меня радуют. 8. Я люблю теплую весеннюю
погоду.
9. Это был a
грандиозный обед,
были приглашены многие знаменитости.
10. the
Горничная
поставила the
завтрак
на поднос и понесла его в the
госпожи
спальню. 11.
Он обсуждает важные вопросы
после ужина.
12. the
Посольство
дает a
званый завтрак
в честь the
праздника.
13. Какой a
вкусный обед!
Вы a
замечательный повар.
14. Мы встали рано the
утром,
чтобы увидеть the
восход
солнца. 15. Он трудился день
за днем,
как an
муравей.
16. Три девицы
под the
окном
пряли поздно the
вечерком.
17. the
Утро
было прохладное, но солнечное. 18. Кит
– a
млекопитающее,
но он живет в the
море.
19. Когда был изобретен the
телефон?
20. a
Детективный роман
– один из наиболее популярных литературных
жанров.
21. a
Детектив
поможет скоротать время
в путешествиях.
22. an
муравей имеет
шесть ног.
23. Каждый день
после школы
Билли ходит в the
гараж
помочь отцу. 24. the
Пружины
of
the
кровати
были сделаны из тяжелого металла.
25. Граф Монте-Кристо провел в тюрьме
много лет. 26. Мы случайно встретились в
городе.
27. the
Город
растет, и людям нужна a
новая церковь.
28. the
Убийство
произошло среди the
белого дня,
когда все были в церкви.
29. Ватикан
является the
резиденцией
the
Римской католической церкви.
30. Вас спрашивает a
Петров.

Упражнение13.
Переводим предложения на английский
язык, сосредоточив внимание на артиклях

1.
У меня нет опыта работы с детьми. I
have no experience of working with children.2. Это
был очень печальный опыт. That
was
a
very
sad
experience.
3. Успех улучшает характер. Success
improves
character.
4. Ведьма хочет составить завещание. The
witch
wants
to
make
a
will.
5. У принцессы очень красивые волосы.
The
princess
has
got
very
beautiful
hair.
6. Эта книга для людей всех возрастов.
This
book
is
for
people
of
all
ages.
7. Отсутствие новостей – хорошая новость.
The
absence
of
news
is
good
news.
8. Какой своевременный совет! What
timely
advice!
9. Какая сегодня погода? What
is
the
weather
like
today?
10. Не могу понять, куда уходят мои деньги.
Они как вода. I
can’t
understand
where
my
money
goes.
It’s
like
water.
11. Сколько мы должны заплатить за обед?
How
much
do
we
have
to
pay
for
the
dinner?
12. Я еще не решила, что приготовить на
обед. I
haven’t
decided
what
to
cook
for
dinner.
13. Что у нас на ужин? What
do
we
have
for
supper?
14. Поздняя осень – время, когда природа
готовится к зиме. Late
autumn is the time when the nature gets ready for the winter. 15.
Какая волшебная ночь! What
a
wonderful
night!
16. Было раннее утро. It
was
early
morning.
17. Было теплое раннее утро. It
was
a
warm
early
morning.
18. Кенгуру ассоциируется с Австралией.
Kangaroo
is
associated
with
Australia.
19. Никто не знает, когда человек изобрел
колесо. No
one knows when man invented the wheel. 20.
Доллар – денежная единица США. Dollar
is
the
monetary
unit
of
the
USA.
21. Волынка – шотландский национальный
музыкальный инструмент. Bagpipes
is the Scottish national musical instrument. 22. Он
прорыл
подземный
ход
под
тюрьмой
и
сбежал.
He dug a tunnel under the prison and escaped. 23. Все
должны
пойти
в
больницу
на
осмотр
Everyone must go to hospital for a medical check-up. 24. По
воскресеньям
бабушка
ходит в
церковь. On
Sunday Granny goes to church. 25. Церковь
стоит
на
холме.
The church is on the hill. 26. Они
обвенчались
в
церкви.
They got
married
at
church.
27. Музей изобразительных искусств
находится на Волхонке. The
museum of fine arts is on Volkhonka. 28. Она
живет
в
совершенно
ином
мире.
She lives in a different world. 29. Неужели
это
настоящий
Васнецов?
Is it a real Vasnetsov? 30. Она
мне
как
вторая
мать.
She is like a second mother for me.

REVISION

1. Choose
   the right form of the verbs and pronouns in brackets.

1. There
   are no bases to these accusations.

2. These
   data are interesting.

3. These
   formulae have to be changed.

4. The
   memoranda on comparative prices are on your table.

5. These
   criteria are not valid.

6. The
   vetebra is broken.

7. This
   phenomenon is worth studying.

8. What
   are the graduation criteria in Britain?

9. The
   candelabra in the concert hall were gorgeous.

10. The
    chemist wasn’t satisfied with these analyses.

11. We
    must fasten this globe on its axes.

12. This
    oasis was a mirage.

13. Appendices
    are usually given at the end of the book.

14. These
    diagnoses are being checked now.

15. This
    hypothesis is true.

16. The
    news is disquieting.

17. Diane’s
    hair is cut short.

18. The
    police are looking for the criminal.

19. The
    goods are already on board.

20. The
    witch’s clothes are worn out.

1. Make
   the sentences complete by using the words in brackets.

1. You
   should explain this term in (скобках).brackets

2. I
   have never seen such a (вид)
   before. species

3. I
   have never thought of it as a (кризис).
   crisis

4. I
   don’t understand this (формула).
   formula

5. What
   an interesting (явление)!
   phenomenon

6. I
   don’t think that these (данные)
   are correct. data

7. The
   doctor confirmed the (диагноз)
   and the boy was taken to hospital. diagnosis

8. There
   are no (оснований)
   for this accusation. bases

9. Environmental
   studies have become part of the new school (учебного
   плана).
   curriculum

10. Such
    (темы)
    for dissertations have become very popular recently. themes

11. This
    (гипотеза)
    can’t be proved. hypothesis

12. The
    entire day was filled with one (кризис)
    after another. crisis

13. He
    was invited to participate only on the (основе)
    that he might tell us some new facts about the matter. basis

14. I
    enjoyed the (серии)
    about Australia and I wouldn’t mind watching them once again.
    series

15. I
    sent him a (меморандум,
    докладная
    записка)
    regarding our program two days ago but he hasn’t replied yet.
    memorandum

16. Kate
    is growing (кактусы).
    cacti

17. The
    dwarf’s favourite game is (бильярд).
    billiards

18. (Электроника)
    is taught for second-year students. electronics

19. One
    of her sacral (позвонков)
    is broken. vertebrae

20. I
    don’t like these (явления).
    phenomena

C.
Translate the phrases into English.

стая
птиц
a flock of birds, капитан
корабля
the captain of the ship, фунт
клубники
a pound of strawberries, овечья
шерсть
sheep wool, секреты
вселенной
the secrets of the universe, ведро
молока
a bucketful of milk, агентство
новостей
a news agency, земляной
орех
a pea nut, мировой
чемпионат
a world championship, дно
реки
the bottom of the river, край
земли
the edge of the land, важность
этого
явления
the importance of this phenomenon, отдел
продаж
a sales department, серия
выстрелов
a series of shots, мировой
кризис
a world crisis, база
данных
a data base, брюхо
кота
the cat’s belly, кошачьи
когти
cat claws, информационный
центр
an information centre, товарный
поезд
a goods train, голубизна
неба
the blue of the sky, пение
птиц
birds’ singing.

D.
Give the correct collective noun for the following.

1. a
   number of people listening to a concert; the audience

2. a
   number of people at a football match; fans

3. sailors
   on a ship; the
   crew

4. father,
   mother, son and daughter; a family

5. a
   large number of people together but without order or organization;
   a crowd

6. the
   military forces of the country organized for fighting on land;
   the army

7. a
   group of war ships; a
   flotilla

8. players
   in a game of football; a team

9. a
   group of people who share a learning experience about a particular
   subject; a class

10. usually
    an appointed group of people who review particular subjects and make
    recommendations; a committee

11. a
    group of birds; a flock

12. a
    group of people forming a committee to judge; the jury

13. a
    political; ethnic or family division of ancient cultures; a tribe

14. a
    number of animals, especially cattle herded by man; a
    herd

15. all
    the people who act in a firm or a play a cast

Hints:
class, committee, flock, jury, tribe, herd, cast, family, crew, fans,
army, team, flotilla, audience, crowd

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Другие языки

The production of glass windows is a process that has evolved over hundreds of years. As technology has advanced, the methods used to make glass have become increasingly sophisticated.

Glass windows are produced from both natural raw materials and manufactured components. Some of these natural sources include silica sand and limestone, while manufactured ingredients may encompass soda ash, alkali metal oxides, borates, dolomite, and other minerals or chemicals.

These materials must be heated at extremely high temperatures before they can be formed into

window frames or panes

. Once these components have been combined and melted together, several techniques may then be employed for shaping them into finished products. The most commonly used method is float glass processing – where molten glass is floated atop a bed of molten tin to create flat surfaces — but there are also alternative approaches, such as rolled or drawn sheet glass, which involves stretching hot sheets through rollers or drawing them outwards by hand.

Understanding how glass windows are made is an asset to any homeowner looking to upgrade the windows in their home, and can make a world of difference when selecting your new windows.

Types of Glass Used in Windows

As a whole, though they may not seem like it on the surface, glass windows are the product of a complex process. From selecting the type of glass to creating window structures and ensuring their durability, manufacturers strive for perfection when it comes to crafting these everyday objects.

The most common type of glass used in all types of windows including

architectural windows

is float glass, which is produced through a remarkable process that involves melting sand into liquid form at temperatures reaching 1,500 degrees Celsius before floating it on molten tin. Other varieties include textured and tempered glass, both of which offer unique benefits such as enhanced security or energy efficiency respectively.

Window manufacturers

can also combine different types of glass together to create an even stronger pane — one example being laminated safety glass made out of two pieces of tempered glass with a polyvinyl butyral (PVB) layer between them.

Ultimately, any combination chosen must meet stringent requirements while adhering to customer needs and expectations.

Designing The Window Structure

The process of structural design is essential when constructing glass windows, and features two main components: the frame, and the glazing system.

The frame of a glass window provides support for the weight of the glass panel. It can be constructed from a variety of materials such as wood, aluminum, or vinyl, depending on factors such as cost, strength, and durability. Additionally, it needs to have a good sealant applied to its edges so that no water seeps into it when installed.

In order for this component to perform effectively, proper measurements are taken by experts who specialize in window construction.

Furthermore, another key aspect of the design process features selecting an appropriate glazing system, which consists of glass panels, which come in single-pane or double-pane form depending on your insulation needs, and glazing materials, which come in either standard or tempered glass form.

Once both components have been chosen and measured correctly, they need to be put together securely before being ready for installation. This involves ensuring secure fastenings between the frame and panels using screws or adhesives according to manufacturer specifications.

Installing The Window

Installing a glass window

is a complex process that involves several steps and requires great attention to detail. Some of the most essential steps in this process include:

• Measuring the opening size accurately
• Placing shims at regular intervals along the sides of the frame
• Ensuring structural support for larger frames by including additional reinforcement with metal or wood components
• Securing the frame in place
• Applying caulking around all joints between the window and wall structure.

It’s important to ensure that all these steps are completed correctly before moving on to any further construction work — otherwise, it may result in air leakage or water infiltration through cracks and weak seals. To reduce potential problems, professionals use specialized tools such as levels, tape measures, hammers, chisels, saws, tin snips, and caulking guns.

Caring for and Maintaining Windows

The process of caring for and maintaining glass windows requires measured attention and consideration.

To ensure their longevity,

clean your windows

with lukewarm water and mild soap at least once every two weeks. This will help remove accumulated dirt, dust, or pollen that can accumulate over time. It is important not to use any abrasive materials on the window, as this may damage the surface of the glass.

Additionally, checking all seals around the frame regularly should be performed to prevent air leaks or water seepage, which could compromise the structure of the window itself.

Furthermore, inspecting surrounding areas, such as roof lines or eaves, should also be done to make sure there aren’t any issues such as broken gutters or blocked drains, which could lead to pooling water against the window frames.

Taking these actions into account helps keep your windows looking great while avoiding costly repairs down the line.

Glass windows provide plenty of aesthetic value to your home and come with a variety of style options, allowing in natural light and maximizing energy efficiency. Therefore, investing in glass windows is a smart consideration for many homeowners looking to upgrade the value of their homes.

At Canadian Choice Windows & Doors, we are committed to providing our customers with the highest standard of quality when it comes to our glass windows. Reach out to a member of our team of professional installers today with any questions you may have about your new installation project.

How much are new windows for a house

Frequently Asked Questions

What Is the Best Way to Clean Glass Windows?

The best way to clean glass windows depends on the type of window and the surrounding environment.

For instance, if it is an outdoor window in a high-traffic area that accumulates dirt quickly, more frequent cleaning with a stronger cleaner may be necessary. In contrast, an indoor window without direct exposure to pollutants or dust can typically be cleaned with milder products such as soapy water or a vinegar solution.

Additionally, depending on the surface of the glass, specific materials should be utilized for wiping up residue after cleaning — microfiber cloths are ideal for streak-free results, but paper towels can also work sufficiently.

How Long Will a Glass Window Last?

Most types of glass used in windows are designed with longevity and strength in mind; however, there are a few factors which can affect their life span:

1. 
   The quality of craftsmanship
   
   : Poorly installed glass windows may not properly seal against moisture or drafts that could cause warping or cracking over time.
2. 
   Exposure to natural elements
   
   : If your home is located near salt water or extreme temperature fluctuations (i.e., hot summer days followed by cold winters), it’s likely your glass window won’t last as long.
3. 
   Maintenance and care
   
   : Regular cleaning helps protect against potential damage caused by dirt build-up or other debris stuck on the surface of the glass over time.

Generally speaking, if maintained regularly, a glass window should provide years of aesthetic pleasure without compromising safety or visibility.

Windows, often overlooked yet indispensable, play a pivotal role in defining the character of buildings.

Картинка с сайта: vistaza.com

While manufacturers meticulously select frame materials, it’s the glass window panes that truly dominate the industry. Let us unravel the intricacies behind how glass windows are made today, shedding light on the common types of glass and the meticulous steps involved in crafting these architectural marvels.

Common Types of Glass:

• Annealed Glass: This type of glass undergoes a slow cooling process to relieve internal stresses, enhancing its durability. Annealed glass is a popular choice for various window applications.

• Tempered Glass: Subjected to intense heat followed by rapid cooling, tempered glass is known for its strength and safety features. It shatters into small, blunt pieces upon breakage, reducing the risk of injury.

• Other Varieties: Beyond annealed and tempered, there are numerous glass types, including textured glass, laminated safety glass, and more, each offering distinct benefits for specific applications.

What Type of Glass Are Most Windows Made Of?

The production of glass windows is a testament to centuries of evolution. Drawing from natural sources like silica sand and limestone, and manufactured components such as soda ash and borates, the glass-making process involves heating these materials to extremely high temperatures. The result is a molten glass mixture that can be shaped using various techniques.

The most prevalent method is float glass processing, where molten glass is floated on molten tin to create flat surfaces. Alternative approaches, like rolled or drawn sheet glass, offer unique possibilities. Understanding these methods is invaluable for homeowners seeking window upgrades.

Types of Glass Used in Windows:

Glass windows, seemingly simple, are products of a complex process. The most common type is float glass, crafted by melting sand into liquid form at an astonishing 1,500 degrees Celsius before floating it on molten tin. Textured and tempered glass provide additional benefits such as enhanced security and energy efficiency.

Manufacturers can also combine different glass types to create stronger panes, exemplified by laminated safety glass composed of two tempered glass pieces with a polyvinyl butyral (PVB) layer. Each combination must meet stringent requirements, aligning with customer needs and expectations.

Materials Used in Glass Windows

To understand the process of making glass windows, we first need to delve into the materials used.

Картинка с сайта: vistaza.com

Glass is made from natural and abundant raw materials such as sand, soda ash, and limestone. These materials are melted together at high temperatures, forming a new material known as glass. The quality and composition of the raw materials play a crucial role in the clarity and durability of the glass.

How Glass Sheets Are Made

Glass sheets form the foundation of glass windows. The manufacturing process of glass sheets involves several intricate steps that require precision and expertise. Let’s explore the step-by-step process of making glass sheets.

1. Gathering the Raw Materials: The first step in making glass sheets is gathering the raw materials – silica sand, soda ash, dolomite, limestone, and salt cake. These materials are carefully measured and mixed together.

2. Melting the Glass: The mixture of raw materials is then heated in a furnace at temperatures reaching up to 1500 degrees Celsius. This intense heat melts the materials, creating molten glass.

3. Forming the Glass Sheets: The molten glass is then poured onto a bath of molten tin. The tin provides a smooth surface for the glass to float on, allowing it to transform into a flat sheet. As the glass floats on the tin surface, it gradually cools and solidifies, forming a continuous sheet.

4. Shaping and Cutting: Once the glass sheet has solidified, it is carefully lifted from the tin bath and passed through a series of rollers. These rollers control the thickness and width of the glass sheet, ensuring uniformity. The sheet is then cut into smaller pieces according to the desired dimensions for the windows.

5. Annealing or Tempering: After the glass sheets have been cut, they undergo a process called annealing or tempering. Annealing involves slowly cooling the glass to relieve internal stresses, increasing its strength and preventing shattering. Tempered glass, on the other hand, undergoes rapid cooling with blasts of cold air, making it stronger and more resistant to breakage.

6. Coating and Finishing: Once the glass sheets are annealed or tempered, they can be further processed and customized. This may involve adding insulated window glazes, heat-absorbing tints, or other coatings to enhance energy efficiency or privacy. The glass sheets are inspected for quality before being prepared for window assembly.

How Glass Sheets Are Turned into Windows

With the glass sheets ready, the manufacturing of glass windows can begin.

Картинка с сайта: vistaza.com

The process of manufacturing glass windows involves several stages, each contributing to the final product’s functionality and aesthetics. Here’s an overview of the manufacturing process:

1. Measurement and Cutting: The dimensions for the windows are carefully measured, and the glass sheets are cut accordingly. Automated machines ensure precision and accuracy in the cutting process.

2. Cleaning and Preparation: The glass panes are thoroughly cleaned using high-pressure cleaners to remove any dirt or impurities. This step ensures that the glass surfaces are pristine and ready for further assembly.

3. Sealing and Assembling: The individual glass panes are sealed together using specialized techniques or adhesives. This creates a tight bond, ensuring the windows’ structural integrity and preventing air or water leakage.

4. Frame Fabrication: Meanwhile, the frames for the windows are fabricated. This involves cutting and welding pieces of frame material, such as PVC or aluminum, to create the desired shape and size.

5. Window Assembly: Once the frames and glass panes are ready, they are assembled together. The glass panes are carefully fitted into the frames, ensuring a secure and weather-tight seal. Any defective or substandard windows are rejected during this stage.

6. Quality Control and Inspection:The process of ensuring the quality of our windows takes place during production, where rigorous quality inspections take place. Once the windows are manufactured, they are carefully transported to the customer. Upon arrival, it is imperative to conduct thorough checks during unloading, and subsequently, another round of inspection is carried out during installation. This multi-step approach guarantees that the windows not only meet but exceed the required standards for safety, durability, and functionality.

7. Finishing Touches: Ultimately, the windows receive their finishing touches, incorporating elements like hardware, weatherstripping, or decorative features. It’s noteworthy that the installation of glass takes place at the conclusion of this process, ensuring that it occurs after all hardware has been added for a seamless integration. These final adjustments not only contribute to the visual appeal of the windows but also enhance their overall functionality.

Will Glass Windows Ever Become Unpopular?

The enduring popularity of glass windows seems unlikely to wane in the foreseeable future. The intrinsic qualities of glass, combined with its versatility and aesthetic appeal, make it a quintessential element in residential architecture. While there have been advancements in materials like acrylic and plexiglass, their glaring weaknesses limit their suitability for widespread use in residential windows.

For those seeking the perfect window solutions, Vistaza stands as a beacon of expertise. With a commitment to excellence and a comprehensive understanding of glass, Vistaza invites you to explore their offerings. Contact us today for assistance in finding the perfect glass windows that seamlessly blend aesthetics, functionality, and durability.