Modulenotfounderror no module named crypto windows

A common error you may encounter when using Python is modulenotfounderror: no module named ‘Crypto’.

This error occurs when the Python interpreter cannot detect the PyCrypto library in your current environment.

PyCrypto is no longer maintained and should not be used. You should use PyCryptodome, which is a maintained and upgraded fork of PyCrypto. Most applications that depend on PyCrypto will run unmodified

You can install PyCryptodome in Python 3 with python -m pip install pycryptodome.

This tutorial goes through the exact steps to troubleshoot this error for the Windows, Mac and Linux operating systems.

ModuleNotFoundError: no module named ‘Crypto’

What is ModuleNotFoundError?

The ModuleNotFoundError occurs when the module you want to use is not present in your Python environment. There are several causes of the modulenotfounderror:

The module’s name is incorrect, in which case you have to check the name of the module you tried to import. Let’s try to import the re module with a double e to see what happens:

import ree

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ModuleNotFoundError                       Traceback (most recent call last)
1 import ree
ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'ree'

To solve this error, ensure the module name is correct. Let’s look at the revised code:

import re
print(re.__version__)

2.2.1

You may want to import a local module file, but the module is not in the same directory. Let’s look at an example package with a script and a local module to import. Let’s look at the following steps to perform from your terminal:

mkdir example_package
cd example_package
mkdir folder_1
cd folder_1
vi module.py

Note that we use Vim to create the module.py file in this example. You can use your preferred file editor, such as Emacs or Atom. In module.py, we will import the re module and define a simple function that prints the re version:

import re
def print_re_version():
    print(re.__version__)

Close the module.py, then complete the following commands from your terminal:

cd ../
vi script.py

Inside script.py, we will try to import the module we created.

import module
if __name__ == '__main__':
    mod.print_re_version()

Let’s run python script.py from the terminal to see what happens:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "script.py", line 1, in ≺module≻
    import module
ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'module'

To solve this error, we need to point to the correct path to module.py, which is inside folder_1. Let’s look at the revised code:

import folder_1.module as mod
if __name__ == '__main__':
    mod.print_re_version()

When we run python script.py, we will get the following result:

2.2.1

Lastly, you can encounter the modulenotfounderror when you import a module that is not installed in your Python environment.

What is PyCrypto?

PyCrypto is a Python cryptography toolkit and contains a collection of modules for implementing various cryptographic algorithms and protocols including Cipher and Hash.

PyCrypto is no longer maintained and should not be used. You should use PyCryptodome, which is a maintained and upgraded fork of PyCrypto. Most applications that depend on PyCrypto will run unmodified

The simplest way to install PyCryptodome is to use the package manager for Python called pip. The following installation instructions are for the major Python version 3.

Always Use a Virtual Environment to Install Packages

It is always best to install new libraries within a virtual environment. You should not install anything into your global Python interpreter when you develop locally. You may introduce incompatibilities between packages, or you may break your system if you install an incompatible version of a library that your operating system needs. Using a virtual environment helps compartmentalize your projects and their dependencies. Each project will have its environment with everything the code needs to run. Most ImportErrors and ModuleNotFoundErrors occur due to installing a library for one interpreter and using the library with another interpreter. Using a virtual environment avoids this. In Python, you can use virtual environments and conda environments. We will go through how to install PyCryptodome with both.

How to Install PyCryptodome on Windows Operating System

First, you need to download and install Python on your PC. Ensure you select the install launcher for all users and Add Python to PATH checkboxes. The latter ensures the interpreter is in the execution path. Pip is automatically on Windows for Python versions 2.7.9+ and 3.4+.

You can check your Python version with the following command:

python3 --version

You can install pip on Windows by downloading the installation package, opening the command line and launching the installer. You can install pip via the CMD prompt by running the following command.

python get-pip.py

You may need to run the command prompt as administrator. Check whether the installation has been successful by typing.

pip --version

PyCryptodome installation on Windows Using pip

To install PyCryptodome, first, create the virtual environment. The environment can be any name, in this we choose “env”:

virtualenv env

You can activate the environment by typing the command:

env\Scripts\activate

You will see “env” in parenthesis next to the command line prompt. You can install PyCryptodome within the environment by running the following command from the command prompt.

python3 -m pip install pycryptodome

We use python -m pip to execute pip using the Python interpreter we specify as Python. Doing this helps avoid ImportError when we try to use a package installed with one version of Python interpreter with a different version. You can use the command which python to determine which Python interpreter you are using.

If you are still getting a No module named Crypto error, check if you have previously installed PyCrypto using pip. You will need to uninstall it and your new install of PyCryptodome as follows:

python3 -m pip uninstall crypto
python3 -m pip uninstall pycryptodome
python3 -m pip install pycryptodome

How to Install PyCryptodome on Mac Operating System using pip

Open a terminal by pressing command (⌘) + Space Bar to open the Spotlight search. Type in terminal and press enter. To get pip, first ensure you have installed Python3:

python3 --version

Python 3.8.8

Download pip by running the following curl command:

curl https://bootstrap.pypa.io/get-pip.py -o get-pip.py

The curl command allows you to specify a direct download link. Using the -o option sets the name of the downloaded file.

Install pip by running:

python3 get-pip.py

To install PyCryptodome, first create the virtual environment:

python3 -m venv env

Then activate the environment using:

source env/bin/activate 

You will see “env” in parenthesis next to the command line prompt. You can install Django within the environment by running the following command from the command prompt.

python3 -m pip install pycryptodome

How to Install PyCryptodome on Linux Operating Systems

All major Linux distributions have Python installed by default. However, you will need to install pip. You can install pip from the terminal, but the installation instructions depend on the Linux distribution you are using. You will need root privileges to install pip. Open a terminal and use the commands relevant to your Linux distribution to install pip.

Installing pip for Ubuntu, Debian, and Linux Mint

sudo apt install python-pip3

Installing pip for CentOS 8 (and newer), Fedora, and Red Hat

sudo dnf install python-pip3

Installing pip for CentOS 6 and 7, and older versions of Red Hat

sudo yum install epel-release
sudo yum install python-pip3

Installing pip for Arch Linux and Manjaro

sudo pacman -S python-pip

Installing pip for OpenSUSE

sudo zypper python3-pip

PyCryptodome installation on Linux with Pip

To install PyCryptodome, first create the virtual environment:

python3 -m venv env

Then activate the environment using:

source env/bin/activate 

You will see “env” in parenthesis next to the command line prompt. You can install PyCryptodome within the environment by running the following command from the command prompt.

Once you have activated your virtual environment, you can install PyCryptodome using:

python3 -m pip install pycryptodome

Installing PyCryptodome Using Anaconda

Anaconda is a distribution of Python and R for scientific computing and data science. You can install Anaconda by going to the installation instructions. Once you have installed Anaconda, you can create a virtual environment and install PyCryptoDome.

To create a conda environment, you can use the following command:

conda create -n crypto python=3.8

You can specify a different Python 3 version if you like. Ideally, choose the latest version of Python. Next, you will activate the project container. You will see “crypto” in parentheses next to the command line prompt.

source activate crypto

Now you’re ready to install PyCryptodome using conda.

Once you have activated your conda environment, you can install PyCryptodome using the following command:

conda install -c conda-forge pycryptodome

Check PyCryptodome Version

Once you have successfully installed PyCryptodome, you can check its version. If you used pip to install PyCryptodome, you can use pip show from your terminal.

python3 -m pip show pycryptodome

Name: pycryptodome
Version: 3.14.1
Summary: Cryptographic library for Python

Second, within your python program, you can import the Crypto and then reference the __version__ attribute:

import Crypto
print(Crypto.__version__)

4.0.2

If you used conda to install PyCryptodome, you could check the version using the following command:

conda list -f pycryptodome

# Name                    Version                   Build  Channel
pycryptodome              3.14.1           py38hd9741ba_0    conda-forge

Summary

Congratulations on reading to the end of this tutorial. The modulenotfounderror occurs if you misspell the module name, incorrectly point to the module path or do not have the module installed in your Python environment. If you do not have the module installed in your Python environment, you can use pip to install the package. However, you must ensure you have pip installed on your system. You can also install Anaconda on your system and use the conda install command to install PyCryptoDome.

Go to the online courses page on Python to learn more about Python for data science and machine learning.

For further reading on missing modules in Python, go to the article:

• How to Solve Python ModuleNotFoundError: no module named ‘urllib2’.
• How to Solve ModuleNotFoundError: no module named ‘plotly’.

Have fun and happy researching!

  File "scripts\Cert_5_1_01_RouterAttach.py", line 33, in <module>
    import config
  File "C:\thread\scripts\config.py", line 33, in <module>
    import message
  File "C:\thread\scripts\message.py", line 39, in <module>
    import mac802154
  File "C:\thread\scripts\mac802154.py", line 39, in <module>
    from net_crypto import AuxiliarySecurityHeader, CryptoEngine, MacCryptoMaterialCreator
  File "C:\thread\scripts\net_crypto.py", line 36, in <module>
    from Crypto.Cipher import AES
ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'Crypto'

In Python, ModuleNotFoundError: No module named ‘Crypto’ error occurs if we try to import the ‘pycryptodome‘ module without installing the package or if you have not installed it in the correct environment.

In this tutorial, let’s look at installing the pycryptodomemodule correctly in different operating systems and solve ModuleNotFoundError: No module named ‘Crypto’ error.  

There are various reasons why we get the ModuleNotFoundError: No module named ‘Crypto’ error

• Trying to use the module without installing the pycryptodome package.
• If the IDE is set to the incorrect version of the Python/Python interpreter.
• You are using the virtual environment and the pycryptodome module is not installed inside a virtual environment
• Installing the pycryptodome package in a different version of Python than the one which is used currently.
• Declaring a variable name as the module name(pycryptodome)

If you are getting an error installing pip, checkout pip: command not found to resolve the issue.

How to fix ModuleNotFoundError: No module named ‘Crypto’?

pycryptodome is not a built-in module (it doesn’t come with the default python installation) in Python; you need to install it explicitly using the pip installer and then use it.  

PyCryptodome is a self-contained Python package of low-level cryptographic primitives. All modules are installed under the Crypto package.

We can fix the error by installing the ‘pycryptodome‘ module by running the pip install pycryptodome command in your terminal/shell.

We can verify if the package is installed correctly by running the following command in the terminal/shell.

This will provide the details of the package installed, including the version number, license, and the path it is installed. If the module is not installed, you will get a warning message in the terminal stating WARNING: Package(s) not found: pycryptodome.

pip show pycryptodome

Output

Name: pycryptodome
Version: 3.15.0
Summary: Cryptographic library for Python
Home-page: https://www.pycryptodome.org
Author: Helder Eijs
Author-email: helderijs@gmail.com
License: BSD, Public Domain
Location: c:\personal\ijs\python_samples\venv\lib\site-packages

Solution 1 – Installing and using the pycryptodome module in a proper way

Based on the Python version and the operating system you are running, run the relevant command to install the pycryptodome module.

# If you are using Python 2 (Windows)
pip install pycryptodome

# if you are using Python 3 (Windows)
pip3 install pycryptodome

# If the pip is not set as environment varibale PATH
python -m pip install pycryptodome

# If you are using Python 2 (Linux)
sudo pip install pycryptodome

# if you are using Python 3 (Linux)
sudo pip3 install pycryptodome

# In case if you have to easy_install
sudo easy_install -U pycryptodome

# On Centos
yum install pycryptodome

# On Ubuntu
sudo apt-get install pycryptodome

# If you are installing it in Anaconda 
conda install -c conda-forge pycryptodome

Once you have installed the pycryptodome module, we can now import it inside our code and use it as shown below.

from Crypto.PublicKey import RSA

secret_code = "Unguessable"
key = RSA.generate(2048)
encrypted_key = key.export_key(passphrase=secret_code, pkcs=8,
                              protection="scryptAndAES128-CBC")

file_out = open("rsa_key.bin", "wb")
file_out.write(encrypted_key)
file_out.close()

print(key.publickey().export_key())

Output

b'-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----\nMIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEAv4cPMmtVy3RLUVI3+Hqe\nd2Mcl4WR0BjOXQ1Vf+B5wX0RIcZwCEjemUMnglA/cQl4Ink5Z/CAHMCWmzUPkNGe\nBG+Zadt+u9Q+3syNH0YRFGv+jBqm6DQaA4Eiz+PEBy/sVBoX7fLulpCPJ/G9U/f9\nrWGVF0ysSL8BWN0QcF6RcqP+6jNnexDWEyzFS85+WJoTwGZ1lJFPCN18I1FPPuRj\nEV/tVaqedutXZ8Lq2pIS9urbNPawlK1PxBc6SmdqE46F6JU0sCDoijUFMD0fZz69\n0XCemO7GKrd9f4/cLZ0+R/K5qTp1JtSRISOtAr+/TeeEZ1DcA6Z+GS2854V8m1KC\nVQIDAQAB\n-----END PUBLIC KEY-----'

Solution 2 – Verify if the IDE is set to use the correct Python version

If you are still getting the same error even after installing the package, you can verify if the IDE you are using is configured with the correct version of the Python interpreter.

For Eg:- In the case of Visual Studio Code, we can set the Python version by pressing CTRL + Shift + Por (⌘ + Shift + P on Mac) to open the command palette.

Once the command palette opens, select the Python interpreter and select the correct version of Python and also the virtual environment(if configured) as shown below.

Solution 3 – Installing pycryptodome inside the virtual environment

Many different IDEs like Jupyter Notebook, Spyder, Anaconda, or PyCharm often install their own virtual environment of Python to keep things clean and separated from your global Python.

If you are using VS Code, then you can also create a virtual environment, as shown below.

In the case of virtual environments, you need to ensure that the pycryptodome module needs to be installed inside the virtual environment and not globally.

Step 1: Create a Virtual Environment. If you have already created a virtual environment, then proceed to step 2.

Step 2: Activate the Virtual Environment

Step 3: Install the required module using the pip install command

# Create a virtual Environment
py -3 -m venv venv

# Activate the virtual environment (windows command)
venv\Scripts\activate.bat

# Activate the virtual environment (windows powershell)
venv\Scripts\Activate.ps1

# Activate the virtual environment (Linux)
source venv/bin/activate

# Install pycryptodome inside the virtual environment
pip install pycryptodome

Solution 4 – Ensure that a module name is not declared name a variable name.

Last but not least, you may need to cross-check and ensure that you haven’t declared a variable with the same name as the module name.

You should check if you haven’t named any files as Crypto.py as it may shadow the original pycryptodome module.

If the issue is still not solved, you can try removing the package and installing it once again, restart the IDE, and check the paths to ensure that packages are installed in the correct environment path and Python version.

Conclusion

The ModuleNotFoundError: No module named ‘Crypto’ error occurs when we try to import the ‘pycryptodome‘ module without installing the package or if you have not installed it in the correct environment.

We can resolve the issue by installing the pycryptodome module by running the pip install pycryptodome command. Also, ensure that the module is installed in the proper environment in case you use any virtual environments, and the Python version is appropriately set in the IDE that you are running the code.

The modulenotfounderror no module named ‘crypto’ Windows code exception usually happens when the system cannot find the relevant library. As a result, the application terminates the pip install crypto command snippet, although most configurations and properties do not display the module named ‘crypto’ error log.

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Furthermore, running a Python version that does not include the module named cryptography is another common cause that forces the application to show the modulenotfounderror: no module named ‘crypto’ Mac warning and traceback calls.

However, continue reading this profound debugging guide because it teaches several advanced debugging approaches teaching you how to overcome the bug from crypto.cipher import aes without compromising and ruining other modules.

What Causes the Modulenotfounderror No Module Crypto Error Log?

The modulenotfounderror: no module named ‘crypto’ Ubuntu error log is caused by the need for a functional library in the named ‘crypto’ snippet. This inconvenience prevents most procedures. On the contrary, this bug is typical when running a Python version that does not have crypto configurations.

For instance, the crypto.cipher Python install command line requires specific libraries and inputs that prevent unexpected complications and obstacles. Hence, missing a single value or element from the leading code snippet forces the system to fail and ruin your programming experience, although several functions are valid.

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Furthermore, the error log could occur when failing to install the cryptography library with the pip install command due to some issues with the script or syntax, which is rare with advanced projects. Considering this, you must troubleshoot the syntax and locate the source for the modulenotfounderror: no module named ‘crypto’ PyCharm mistake before repairing your code and changing the values.

We wrote several chapters that remake the bug and produce a visual output that stops the code to help you identify and pinpoint the flaws. On the contrary, you will encounter a bug from crypto.publickey import rsa modulenotfounderror: no module named ‘crypto’ when your current Python programs lack some configurations and values.

Although locating this mistake is challenging and time-consuming, especially with complex projects, we suggest scanning the elements and values to help you find the missing configurations. Nevertheless, it would help if you remained calm because this article explores a few solutions that apply to all operating systems and versions, which should help you overcome this inconsistency.

– The System Misses the Necessary Crypto Library

This Python issue occurs when your system cannot find the relevant crypto library in the main document. As a result, you will experience a visual output that terminates your project and prevents other code alterations. Although this problem is standard with outdated programs, it could happen when you expect the least. Hence, we will demonstrate the mapping output to help you identify the missing commands.

You can learn more about this inconsistency in the following example:

Although we could list other traceback calls and configurations, this example completes the code snippet demonstrating what happens to your program when it fails. As you can tell, the inputs pinpoint the flawed elements and lines that confuse your Python project. Still, we will focus on another code snippet that forces your system to display a similar visual output when experiencing this mistake.

– Running a Python Version Without Crypto Configurations

Your Python version is critical when avoiding this error log and reenabling all processes. Henceforth, running an incorrect program without crypto configurations provokes your application to display the mistake. We will provide more details about the confusing versions before listing the traceback calls and warnings. Still, you should expect different messages because your machine renders unique inputs.

The following code snippet demonstrates the programs:

Although the versions appear compatible, they need the missing crypto libraries. Hence, let us focus on the visual output that establishes the flaws, as shown below:

You can compare these inputs to your document to find the differences and similarities, which should prevent issues when implementing the debugging approaches and solutions.

How to Overcome the Modulenotfounderror No Module Crypto Error Log?

You can overcome the no module crypto error log by installing the missing configuration via the terminal. Then, you must navigate to your project’s root directory to introduce the code snippet. In addition, we suggest installing the package in a virtual environment or reinstalling the properties.

The debugging methods apply to all programs and applications, so you should encounter no obstacles or mistakes. This chapter exemplifies how to provide the missing configurations via the terminal. Finally, we will teach how to implement the virtual environment when fixing your program or application.

You can learn more about the first solution in the following code snippet:

The last step requires importing the installations, as taught in the following example:

We are confident your program should remove the mistake and reenable all procedures. Still, another excellent solution exists.

– Installing the Package in a Virtual Environment

Another tested and confirmed solution suggests installing the missing package in a virtual environment. As a result, you will clarify your project’s purpose and prevent the crypto code exception when launching the elements. Although this approach resembles the inputs in the former chapter, several critical differences exist.

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The following snippet provides the complete solution:

We included several comments to help you understand the code’s purpose and implementation. So, navigate your project, paste the solution, and overcome this persistent Python error log.

Conclusion

The modulenotfounderror named ‘crypto’ code exception usually happens when the system cannot find the relevant library. As a result, this guide explores some solutions and summarizes the following points:

• Running a Python version that does not render crypto configurations is another common culprit
• Most traceback calls and visual outputs resemble, although each project and document is unique
• You can overcome the no module crypto error log by installing the missing configuration via the terminal
• Another tested and confirmed solution suggests installing the missing package in a virtual environment

This article has everything you need to learn to fix this module error log that ruins your Python project. Hence, we encourage you to open the program and replicate the debugging techniques to prevent other complications.