В мире технологий выбор операционной системы (ОС) может оказаться непростым. Хотя Windows долгое время была доминирующей ОС на рынке, существует множество бесплатных альтернатив, которые могут удовлетворить потребности пользователей. В этой статье мы рассмотрим несколько бесплатных операционных систем, которые могут стать отличной заменой Windows для вашего компьютера.
1. Linux
Linux — это бесплатная и открытая операционная система, которая поддерживает множество дистрибутивов, таких как: Linux Mint, Ubuntu, Pop!_OS и Elementary OS. Linux подходит для пользователей, которые ищут стабильность и безопасность. Он работает на большинстве оборудования и предлагает обширное онлайн-руководство, что делает его идеальным выбором для новичков.
(С более подробной информацией, Вы можете ознакомиться у Источника: ixbt.com)
2. Chrome OS
Chrome OS от Google — это легкая и облачно-ориентированная операционная система, которая отлично подходит для серфинга в интернете и работы с документами. Преимущества перед операционной системой windows:
Легкость и быстрота: Chrome OS быстро загружается и работает на менее мощном оборудовании.
Облачные вычисления: идеально подходит для работы с интернет-приложениями и хранения данных в облаке.
Простота использования: интуитивно понятный интерфейс, который легко освоить.
Она доступна на Chromebook и может быть установлена на устаревшее оборудование. Chrome OS проста в использовании и является хорошей альтернативой для тех, кто не нуждается в сложных функциях.
(Источником стал сайт: poznyaev.ru)
3. FreeBSD
FreeBSD — это Unix-подобная операционная система, которая предлагает надежность и безопасность.
Многие думают, что FreeBSD — это просто еще один дистрибутив Linux. Распространяя Unix-подобные корни Linux, FreeBSD является современной версией дистрибутива программного обеспечения Berkeley (BSD) с открытым исходным кодом. FreeBSD можно считать родственником Linux, и его код можно найти во многих устройствах. К ним относятся MacOS от Apple и операционная система Sony PlayStation 4.
Она подходит как для серверов, так и для настольных ПК. FreeBSD поддерживает различные графические среды, такие как GNOME и KDE, и интересна пользователям, заботящимся о конфиденциальности.
(Источник: itGap.ru)
4. illumos
illumos — это бесплатная операционная система на базе UNIX, основанная на OpenSolaris. Она включает в себя ядро, драйверы и системные библиотеки, что делает её подходящей для системного администрирования и разработки.
Преимущества:
Современные технологии: Основана на OpenSolaris и включает в себя современные функции, такие как ZFS и DTrace.
Поддержка виртуализации: Хорошо подходит для серверов и облачных решений.
Открытый исходный код: Пользователи могут изменять и адаптировать систему под свои нужды.
(Источник информации: poznyaev.ru)
5. ReactOS
ReactOS — это проект, нацеленный на создание совместимой с Windows операционной системы. Хотя он находится в стадии альфа-тестирования, ReactOS предлагает легкий интерфейс и требует минимальных системных ресурсов, что делает его подходящим для старых ПК.
Есть возможность совмес��имости с Windows-программами: Цель ReactOS — обеспечить совместимость с приложениями Windows, что позволяет пользователям продолжать использовать знакомые программы.
Легкость: требует минимальных системных ресурсов, что делает её подходящей для старых ПК.
Открытый исходный код: Пользователи могут вносить изменения и улучшения в систему.
(статья источник: habr.com)
6. Haiku
Haiku — это бесплатная операционная система, вдохновленная BeOS. Она поддерживает различные приложения, такие как VLC и Quake, и предлагает пользователям возможность запускать старые программы.
Поддержка мультимедиа: Позволяет запускать популярные приложения, такие как VLC и Quake.
Интуитивно понятный интерфейс: Простота использования для новичков.
(Если заинтересовало, более подробнее можно ознакомиться тут Источник: haiku-os.fandom.com)
7. MorphOS
MorphOS — это операционная система, разработанная для комп��ютеров с процессорами PowerPC. Она подходит для старых Mac и предлагает пользователям возможность использовать современные приложения в стиле Amiga.
Преимущества:
Оптимизация для PowerPC: специально разработана для старых Mac и других устройств с процессорами PowerPC.
Легкость: занимает мало места и требует минимальных ресурсов.
8. AROS
AROS — это бесплатная операционная система, похожая на MorphOS, но предназначенная для x86-систем. Она позволяет запускать как старые, так и новые приложения, превращая ваш компьютер в современный Amiga.
Преимущества:
Совместимость с Amiga: позволяет запускать как старые, так и новые приложения, превращая ваш компьютер в современный Amiga.
Легкость установки: можно попробовать с LiveCD без установки на жесткий диск.
Открытый исходный код: Пользователи могут изменять и адаптировать систему. (Вся необходимая информация, есть у данного Источника: www.opennet.ru)
9. MenuetOS
MenuetOS — это уникальная операционная система, написанная на ассемблере, что делает её одной из самых компактных ОС на рынке. Она была разработана для работы на 32-битных и 64-битных архитектурах и может быть установлена на обычны�� ПК, а также запущена с флешки или компакт-диска. MenuetOS занимает всего 1,4 МБ, что позволяет разместить её на стандартной дискете.
Преимущества:
Компактность: помещается на одну дискету, что делает её уникальной среди современных ОС.
Полноценный графический интерфейс: Включает в себя браузер, медиаплеер и другие приложения, несмотря на свои размеры.
Поддержка современных технологий: Поддерживает USB-устройства и высокое разрешение экрана. (Источник: club.dns-shop.ru)
Заключение
Существует множество бесплатных операционных систем, которые могут стать отличной альтернативой Windows. Выбор зависит от ваших потребностей и предпочтений. Независимо от того, ищете ли вы что-то легкое и простое в использовании, или более сложную и настраиваемую систему, вы обязательно найдете подходящий вариант среди представленных альтернатив.
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Более 30 лет назад компания Microsoft произвела настоящий фурор на рынке домашних компьютеров, представив всему миру революционное семейство операционных систем Windows NT. Однако с течением времени политика компании менялась, что в конечном итоге привело её к созданию посредственных Windows 8 и Windows 11. В этой небольшой подборке мы рассмотрим 10 альтернативных операционных систем на базе ядра Linux, которые могут стать отличной заменой Windows для вашего ПК.
Ubuntu
Ubuntu — это бесплатная операционная система на базе ядра Linux, которая предоставляет начинающему пользователю полностью готовую ОС под ключ без необходимости использования командной строки или запоминания сложных команд. Для работы с системой в Ubuntu используется среда графического рабочего окружения GNOME. И хотя логика работы GNOME может показаться немного странной для пользователей, знакомых только с Windows, к ней довольно быстро привыкаешь, и в дальнейшем уже больше не хочется возвращаться к устаревшему Explorer. Сама же ОС довольна популярна в IT-мире и официально поддерживается множеством крупных компаний, включая игрового гиганта Valve. Так что с драйверами для оборудования или установкой ПО и игр не возникнет больших проблем, а развитое сообщество не оставит новичка без поддержки. Подводя итог: Ubuntu — отличная операционная система на базе ядра Linux для новичков, если вы готовы мириться с необычным управлением и вас не сильно волнует телеметрия.
Pop!_OS
Pop!_OS — это бесплатная операционная система на базе ядра Linux, разработанная американским производителем ПК, компанией System76. Распространяется по умолчанию с простым и интуитивно понятным интерфейсом, основанным на модифицированной версии среды рабочего окружения GNOME. Обладает расширенной совместимостью с видеокартами, а также набором фирменных патчей, призванных улучшить производительность и плавность ОС. В остальном же перед нами всё та же Ubuntu с её многочисленными плюсами и минусами. Так что если вас бесит телеметрия в современной версии Ubuntu или вы устали от засилья контейнеров Snap, то Pop!_Os — это достойная альтернатива.
Kubuntu
Если вам не по нраву внешний вид или логика управления в Ubuntu, но вы всё же горите желанием попробовать Linux, то выход есть. В отличие от Windows с её проприетарными компонентами, в ОС на базе ядра Linux ничего не прибито гвоздями, и пользователь имеет полную свободу поменять любой компонент системы по своему усмотрению. Среда рабочего окружения не стала исключением. Kubuntu — это та же полноценная Ubuntu, но поставляемая по умолчанию с рабочим окружением KDE Plasma. Преимущество этого окружения в том, что оно полностью воспроизводит логику работы Windows 7/10, что делает его идеальным выбором для новичков, которые только хотят попробовать Linux, но не горят желанием тратить своё время на переобучение для работы с новой ОС. Дополнительным стимулом использовать KDE Plasma выступают ещё и широкие возможности по настройке и кастомизации системы. Пользователям больше не требуется искать живые обои или красивые темы оформления в интернете, потому как все они уже доступны по умолчанию в интерфейсе KDE Plasma. Так что если вам нужен Linux с привычной логикой Windows, да и к тому же весьма красивый, то Kubuntu — хороший выбор.
KDE Neon
KDE Neon представляет собой бесплатную операционную систему от разработчиков KDE Plasma на основе пакетной базы Ubuntu. В отличие от Kubuntu, стремится предоставить конечным пользователям более свежие версии рабочего окружения KDE Plasma и другого ПО от команды KDE Software, не теряя в стабильности и удобстве использования ОС. Выделяется меньшим размером и более щадящими требованиями к ресурсам ПК, потому как не содержит из коробки сотни мусорных пакетов офисного ПО, которые по умолчанию присутствуют в Ubuntu и Kubuntu. Поэтому если вы ищете чистую и стабильную ОС с самыми свежими фишками и возможностями, то KDE Neon — это неплохой выбор. Однако учитывайте, что использование KDE Neon потребует от пользователя дополнительных навыков в управление и настройке Linux.
Zorin OS
Zorin OS — это бесплатный Linux-дистрибутив на основе пакетной базы Ubuntu, специально разработанный для тех, кто только начинает своё знакомство с миром Linux. Поставляется с приятным графическим рабочим окружением в стиле Windows (модифицированные версии GNOME и Xfce) и набором из множества предустановленных программ, аналогичных тем, которыми обычно часто используют пользователи Windows. Но если вам их по какой-то причине окажется недостаточно, то благодаря Wine, Zorin OS способен запускать значительное количество Windows-игр и программ. Основная цель этого Linux-дистрибутива — предоставить пользователю Windows возможность полноценно использовать преимущества Linux без каких-либо затруднений. Так что если вы не знали, с чего начать, то, возможно, Zorin OS — это идеальный выбор.
Elementary OS
Elementary OS — это операционная система на базе ядра Linux, которая стремится предоставить пользователю элегантность и удобство macOS. Для этого ОС использует специально разработанное под неё гибкое рабочее окружение Pantheon, позволяющее в два клика настроить внешний вид компонентов рабочей среды по своему вкусу. Такая гибкость даёт возможность создать даже новичку полноценную персонализированную рабочую среду, отражающую индивидуальность и стиль пользователя. Дополнительным плюсом можно выделить трепетное отношение разработчиков к безопасности и конфиденциальности данных пользователя, простоту установки ПО, долгосрочную поддержку благодаря LTS-выпускам, а также общую стабильность и удобство работы. В общем, перед нами идеальная ОС для тех, кто устал от серости Windows и логики KDE Plasma.
Linux Mint
Linux Mint — это весьма популярный Linux-дистрибутив на основе пакетной базы Ubuntu/Debian, до боли напоминающий всеми любимую Windows XP. Цель дистрибутива — предоставить пользователю простую и удобную ОС на базе ядра Linux, а также убрать все те сумасшедшие нововведения, которыми в последнее время отличилась компания Canonical в Ubuntu. По умолчанию поставляется с классическим рабочим окружением Cinamon (корица). Однако также доступны версии с MATE и Xfce. Обладает поддержкой множества оборудования, предустановленным набором кодеков, простотой установки видеодрайверов и ПО, а также живым отзывчивым сообществом, что всегда готово помочь. В остальном же перед нами вновь классическая Ubuntu, но лишённая глупостей со Snap, излишней телеметрии и с более удобным управлением.
Garuda Linux
Garuda Linux — это бесплатный и стильный Linux-дистрибутив, основанный на Arch Linux. Он разработан специально для геймеров и тех пользователей, кто хочет иметь полный контроль над своей ОС, но не желает погружаться в заумные тонкости оригинального Arch Linux. В Garuda Linux доступны различные рабочие окружения, такие как bspwm, Cinnamon, GNOME, I3, KDE Plasma и многие другие. Поставляется с широким набором предустановленных полезных программ на всех случаев жизни: офис, сёрфинг в интернете, оптимизация, очистка, игры и т. п. Обновление и установка программ в Garuda Linux также достаточно проста благодаря непрерывной системы обновления, что позволяет забыть о переустановке и устаревших программ. А лучшая в Linux-сообществе техническая документация Archwiki и пользовательский репозиторий AUR делает Garuda Linux одной из лучших Linux-систем для заядлого геймера, жаждущего получить максимум из своей системы.
Manjaro Linux
Manjaro Linux — это бесплатная высокопроизводительная операционная система для настольных компьютеров и ноутбуков, основанная на пакетной базе Archlinux. Как и Garuda Linux, Manjaro Linux унаследовал все сложности и тонкости оригинального Arch Linux, предоставляя пользователю мощную и стабильную систему. Доступна пользователям в редакциях со множеством различных рабочих окружений. Имеет постоянную систему непрерывных обновлений с отложенной проверкой, что навсегда позволит забыть о проблемах с обновлением и переустановке ОС. А большое русскоязычное сообщество всегда поможет с советом. Мощная и стабильная ОС, которая станет отличным выбором для взрослого человека, что ценит своё время, но с уважением относится к гибкости и производительности оригинального ArchLinux.
ArchLinux
Фанфары, гром и молния! Представляю вашему вниманию безупречную операционную систему, признанную лучшей в Linux-мире и по праву занимающую первое место в нашем топе. ArchLinux — это та самая легендарная бесплатная операционная система на базе ядра Linux, которая уже десяток лет вызывает споры во всём сообществе Open Source. Её любят и ненавидят, презирают, но уважают. Ведь для того, чтобы использовать ArchLinux нужны не малые знания. Эта ОС не про то, что установил и забыл. ArchLinux является своего рода конструктором, помогающий пользователю понять саму сущность Linux. Система независима и не подчиняется воли крупных компаний. Развитие ОС определяется путём всеобщего голосования обычных пользователей, а значит, отсутствуют ненужные изменения в оригинальном коде, что делает её приоритетным выбором для многих программистов. Помимо обучения и независимости, ArchLinux также является одним из самых быстрых Linux-дистрибутивов. Компания Valve не просто так выбрала его для своей портативной игровой консоли Steam Deck. Пользователи «Deb-дистрибутивов» могут только мечтать о скорости работы пакетного менеджера pacman, а гибкость, позволяющая убрать из системы всё и вся, делает её одной из лучших систем для Linux-гейминга. В остальном же перед нами высокопроизводительная независимая ОС c подробной документацией и возможностью всегда иметь на своём ПК самые свежие версии ПО. Лучший выбор для тех, кто не боится трудностей!
По завершению работы над этой подборкой я, как системный администратор Linux, был приятно удивлен множеством достойных альтернатив Windows, которые без проблем могут поселиться на ПК обычных пользователей. Однако если вам известны ещё ОС, что не были упомянуты в подборке, но заслуживают этого, то, пожалуйста, не стесняйтесь поведать о них в комментариях. Цените свободу, используйте проверенное ПО и всегда оставайтесь гладкими!
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Какой Linux поставить на компьютер начинающему пользователю, который привык к Windows 11, 10 или 7.
Зачем Linux, если есть Windows
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- Зачем Linux, если есть Windows
- Zorin OS — легко настроим интерфейс под себя
- Linux Mint Cinnamon — привычный рабочий стол
- Kubuntu LTS — красивая и удобная ОС
- Deepin Linux — отличная поддержка оборудования
- Ubuntu LTS с GNOME — долгоиграющая и стабильная
- Peppermint OS — возрождаем старый компьютер
- «Альт Рабочая станция» — безопасная российская ОС на замену Windows
- Linux Lite — вторая жизнь древнего ноутбука
- Twister UI — «прикручиваем» к Линуксу интерфейс macOS, Windows 11 или 10
Из сотен дистрибутивов Linux очень немногие способны всерьез заменить операционную систему Windows на домашнем или офисном компьютере. Благодаря улучшениям и стабильности ядра Linux и сред рабочего стола 2024 год — идеальный год для внедрения Linux в качестве основной ОС. Появился основательный повод познакомиться с Линуксом поближе — официально скачать Windows 11 и 10 в России невозможно. Дистрибутивы Linux стали достаточно производительны для учащихся, школ, энтузиастов ИТ, ученых и профессионалов в разных областях. Производители оборудования обеспечивают поддержку Linux своими устройствами.
И сами операционные системы и ПО для них большей частью бесплатны. Экономят бюджет семьи или офиса. Нетребовательны к железу. Устарел настольный ПК или ноутбук — ставим Linux и на пару лет забываем о покупке нового. Стабильны — сбои Linux случаются редко. Безопасны — риск «подцепить» вирус или вредоносную программу минимален. Программы не могут вносить изменения в системные настройки и конфигурацию, если пользователь не вошел в систему как пользователь root — аналог администратора в Windows. Рассмотрим дистрибутивы, которые визуально подобны Windows. И близки к ОС от Microsoft по простоте использования.
Zorin OS — легко настроим интерфейс под себя
Zorin OS — оптимальный первый дистрибутив Linux для многолетнего пользователя Windows. Поставляется со встроенными темами, подобными Windows, которые вы можете применить одним кликом мыши. Внешний вид главной панели задач можно изменить с помощью простого в использовании менеджера настроек. Zorin OS основана на Ubuntu LTS. Следовательно, пользователь получает максимальную стабильность в пакетах, приложениях и многолетних исправлениях безопасности.
Существуют три версии Zorin OS — Pro, Lite и Core, которые предназначены для разных пользователей. Версия Pro — это платная версия с дополнительными темами и настройками «из коробки». Lite предназначена для древних слабых компьютеров.
Linux Mint Cinnamon — привычный рабочий стол
Не хотите тратить время на выбор дистрибутива — ставьте Mint. И первое знакомство с Линуксом будет максимально приятным. Версия Cinnamon — это надежный дистрибутив Linux с традиционным меню и классическим дизайном рабочего стола на основе значков. Хорошая ОС для пользователя Windows. Предустановлены все необходимые приложения, которые полезны для новичков.
В данном дистрибутиве принтеры, несколько дисплеев и периферийные устройства работают «из коробки». Linux Mint основана на Ubuntu и Debian. Хорошие шансы на стабильную работу в течение нескольких лет. Сообщество большое и дружелюбное. Начинающему пользователю помогут на форумах. Было бы желание освоить новую ОС.
Читайте инструкцию по установке Linux Mint на компьютер в «Блоге системного администратора»:
Kubuntu LTS — красивая и удобная ОС
Kubuntu — хорошо оптимизированный и стабильный дистрибутив Linux. Основное преимущество — среда рабочего стола KDE Plasma, которая обеспечивает удобный и простой в использовании интерфейс. Близок к привычному для пользователя Windows. Нижняя панель задач, панели, значки и виджеты напоминают Windows 11 или 10.
Deepin Linux — отличная поддержка оборудования
Дистрибутив Deepin Linux является одним из самых популярных вариантов Linux среди пользователей Windows и macOS благодаря своей эстетической привлекательности и стабильности. Дистрибутив GNU/Linux с открытым исходным кодом основан на технологии Deepin и содержит бесплатное и проприетарное программное обеспечение.
Ценится пользователями, которым нужен красивый и стабильный Linux. По сути, Deepin основан на Debian — стабильном и обеспечивающем многолетнюю поддержку обновлениями безопасности. У Deepin есть собственный магазин приложений. Удобно для пользователей Windows. Дистрибутив поддерживает технологию распознавания отпечатков пальцев и современное оборудование.
Ubuntu LTS с GNOME — долгоиграющая и стабильная
Ubuntu Linux издавна пользуется большой популярностью среди пользователей Windows. Релизы Ubuntu LTS с GNOME по умолчанию сегодня являются наиболее используемыми дистрибутивами Linux. Самый популярный, наиболее загружаемый и применяемый домашними пользователями и предприятиями. Функциональность и стабильность Ubuntu LTS проверены временем.
С точки зрения пользователя Windows, преимущество версии Ubuntu LTS заключается в поддержке приложений и игр. Большинство разработчиков приложений и игр в мире Linux ориентируются на Ubuntu. Софт в первую очередь выпускают для данной ОС. Если вы пользователь Windows, которому необходимы сложные приложения — Ubuntu LTS с GNOME станет оптимальным выбором. Поставить просто — читайте подробное пошаговое руководство по установке Ubuntu.
Peppermint OS — возрождаем старый компьютер
Peppermint OS — интуитивно понятный дистрибутив Linux. Шустро работает на старых и слабых ноутбуках и настольных ПК. Основан на стабильной ветке Debian, которая дает вашей системе несколько лет обновлений безопасности. Среда рабочего стола XFCE — легкая и простая в использовании. Хорошо продуман экран приветствия. Содержит ярлыки для задач и действий — удобно и понятно пользователю Windows.
Peppermint Hub — отличная утилита. Предоставляет все необходимые ярлыки для управления вашей системой — от смены тем до обновления и загрузки программного обеспечения из репозитория. Обеспечивает управление системой из одного места.
«Альт Рабочая станция» — стабильная и надежная российская ОС. Визуально подобна Windows и предназначена для использования на ноутбуках и настольных ПК. Обладает удобным интерфейсом, с которым легко разберется каждый, кто знаком с Windows. Элементы управления аналогичны известным по Windows — в том числе: кнопка главного меню, панель задач и окна приложений. Запускаем программы, игры, а также работаем с файлами так же, как на привычной ОС от Microsoft. Риск подцепить вирус или вредоносную программу минимален. Подходит студентам и школьникам, сотрудникам офисов и творческим профессионалам, а также инженерам и разработчикам приложений.
Linux Lite — вторая жизнь древнего ноутбука
Лежит без дела ноутбук, на который Windows 11 не устанавливается, а Windows 10 еле ползает — установим Linux Lite и компьютер еще будет полезен. Данная ОС очень легкая. Хорошо подходит людям, которые привыкли к Windows, благодаря знакомому пользовательскому интерфейсу. Всё понятно с первой минуты — кнопка главного меню, панель задач и рабочий стол. Поэтому процесс перехода с Windows на Linux Lite максимально гладкий.
Работает быстро и плавно даже на слабых и морально устаревших ноутбуках и стационарных компьютерах. Подходит для выполнения базовых задач — фильмов, музыки, мессенджеров, поиска информации в интернете. Предустановлен бесплатный LibreOffice — можем редактировать и форматировать тексты, электронные таблицы и презентации.
Twister UI — «прикручиваем» к Линуксу интерфейс macOS, Windows 11 или 10
Twister UI — твикер интерфейса, а не дистрибутив Linux. Разработан Pi Labs при создании Twister OS для Raspberry Pi. Сделайте Линукс похожим на Windows. Не придется скачивать отдельные значки, темы или курсоры. Надстройка работает с Linux Mint и Xubuntu. Позволяет одним щелчком мыши придать ОС внешний вид Windows 7, Windows 98 и Windows 10, Windows 11 или macOS. Поможет пользователям Windows, которые опасаются Linux только из-за визуальных различий.
Вы пробовали Linux? Расскажите свой опыт в комментариях.
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Since its inception in 1985, the Windows operating system has been synonymous with personal computers. The OS has a wide user base because it supports a broad array of software, offers automatic driver updates, comes with a huge collection of gaming apps, and is easy to use.
But despite all these benefits, I find Microsoft’s operating system more expensive than its competitors. It’s also closed source, making it difficult to troubleshoot problems since only the Microsoft staff has full access to the source code.
While its latest versions come with a built-in Windows Defender antivirus, it’s not excellent at malware detection and lacks essential security features. Having said that, you may want to switch to other cost-effective Windows alternatives – and those that run on open source software are more secure and stable.
Keep reading to discover the available options on the market that may suit your unique needs.
1. macOS
This operating system is designed to be used on Apple’s laptops and desktops. So, it’s available for devices, such as iMac, Mac Pro, and MacBook.
Until 2012, the software went by the name Mac OS X. After that, it was named OS X, until 2016. Now, it’s known as macOS.
If you’re searching for a professional Windows alternative, you can count on macOS. Sure, it’s different from Windows but has tons of features you’ll love.
The user interface is the first feature that sets it apart: it’s professional, elegant, and simple.
The OS comes with useful preloaded applications, but if you want more, you can download them from the Apple Store.
One of the features I like most about this OS is the dark mode, which reduces the screen brightness and light, making it easier on my eyes.
For added security, macOS prompts an app to ask for permission before accessing the microphone, webcam, contacts, or location. Not to mention, it features an ad-blocker for the Safari browser.
So, if you need a fast and secure operating system for your PC (iMac) or laptop (MacBook), macOS would do.
2. elementary OS
elementary is an open-source operating system that’s easy to understand and use for beginners. But that doesn’t mean it’s too simplistic. It features superior and customizable keyboard shortcuts to help you stay productive on the screen whether it’s your first time or your hundredth.
The multitasking view is one of the features I like about elementary OS. The workspaces let you organize your activities by task. For example, you may be creating a spreadsheet in the first workspace, playing a video game in the second, and scrolling a Facebook feed in the third. You can easily navigate between these spaces with one tap or swipe.
But that’s not all. elementary features ‘Do Not Disturb’ to help you stay focused on a task. If you’re enjoying your favorite show on Netflix, for example, you can keep all Skype and social media notifications at bay.
Besides, this privacy-respecting OS keeps tabs on what your apps are up to. So, when one of the applications wants to use your mic, you’ll be alerted. In the same way, when an application is draining massive energy, the power indicator notifies you. I haven’t seen something similar on Windows.
What’s more, the OS automatically manages your trashed and temporary files tidied up, freeing up the device’s storage. Unlike Windows, elementary isn’t pricey. You get to pay reasonably to download it. You can pay as little as $10, $20, $30, or any other custom amount.
3. Linux Mint
Linux Mint is a powerful and reliable operating system. It’s a free and open-source OS that comes with several free, pre-installed apps that you need the most.
This operating system has features that make it stand out amongst others. To begin with, Linux Mint is easy to use. While using it, you’ll get the comfort you need and the best user experience as well.
Next, it has excellent privacy and security. This means there are fewer chances of experiencing malware, ransomware, and virus attacks while using the software.
What’s even better, Linux Mint needs little maintenance, thanks to its centralized system snapshots, the robustness of Linux architecture, software updates, and an exceptional Update Manager.
This operating system also works under the impression that ‘you’re the boss.’ It is designed to let you do what you want without any obstacles. The OS doesn’t collect your data that could be used against you, making it a safe Windows alternative, as the latter is known to collect some data while in use.
Linux Mint also operates “Out Of The Box,” with no need to install additional applications or configure anything. It’s good to go.
4. Manjaro
Manjaro is a free, open-source, friendly, and accessible operating system. It’s a cutting-edge application that focuses on letting you get started quickly. It also comes with automation tools that make manual intervention unnecessary. Both beginners and expert computer geeks will enjoy using this OS.
Installing apps on your computer is a walk in the park, thanks to Manjaro’s Software Center. You’ll find thousands of apps here, including compatible equivalents of well-liked Windows software like MS Office. So, you don’t have to search for apps on the web.
If you prefer a good balance of exceptional software, powerful performance, complete control, and software stability, you’ll like this OS.
Manjaro’s system requirements include 2GB RAM, HD graphics card, at least 2 GHz processor, and 30 GB of disk space. From here, you can install and start using the OS. There’s a committed development team to provide regular updates and make Manjaro worth using.
Also Read: BleachBit vs CCleaner
5. Fedora
This Linux-based OS is reliable and user-friendly, ideal for any personal computer. It’s perfect for hobbyists, students, and professionals within a corporate surrounding. While Fedora is completely good for personal use, it works best for professional developers in the corporate setting.
Not only is Fedora free, but it also comes with tons of tools and utilities that developers need to complete their projects. For example, the OS has a clean user interface that lets developers concentrate on their coding tasks on the Gnome 3 desktop environment.
By default, this operating system comes with software that suffices for daily use. This includes LibreOffice, Firefox browser, Cheese for operating webcams, Rhythmbox audio player, Totem video player, Boxes virtual machine, Okular PDF Reader, Gedit (notepad alternative), Empathy chat client, and Evolution email client.
You aren’t limited to the above software. You can still download popular applications such as Chrome browser, VLC media player, Torrent client, Wireshark, and more.
Fedora’s performance is what makes me recommend it. While it takes 30 seconds to boot Windows on my laptop, Fedora takes only 15 seconds. Drive installation isn’t needed for Fedora, making it detect USB devices, such as pen drives, a mouse, and mobile phones quicker than most operating systems. Moreover, Fedora’s file transfer is the fastest among Linux distro.
6. Haiku OS
Haiku is an open-source OS inspired by BeOS. It’s a fast, user-friendly, powerful, and efficient system for new, intermediate, and advanced computer users.
Haiku reimplements the BeOS technologies, but its code is not 100 percent based on BeOS. The only code that Haiku uses from BeOS is the Tracker (the file manager) and Deskbar (an equivalent of the taskbar and start menu). Be Inc open-sourced these two code elements in 2001, and later, Haiku merged them into their codebase.
Haiku offers something you won’t find on most open-source platforms. They have a single team that writes everything from drivers, tool kit, kernel, graphics stack, and userland services to preflets and desktop applications.
I recommend Haiku as an alternative operating system due to its focus on personal computing, object-oriented API for quicker development, the custom kernel for improved responsiveness, a fully-threaded design to work well with core CPUs, and a cohesive interface.
Like Windows, Haiku supports ISO 9660, FAT, and NTFS file systems, but Haiku further supports BFS and ext3.
HaikuDepot provides a wide array of freeware and open-source games. If you have some old BeOS games, they should run on this OS.
Haiku allows for the installation of office suites, as well. So, you may want to install Caligra or LibreOffice. You may also use online office software like Google Docs.
7. Oracle Solaris
Sun Microsystems originally developed this UNIX-based OS in the mid-90s. Fast forward, in 2010, Oracle acquired Sun Microsystems, renaming it Solaris.
The OS is known for having the most advanced security features than other systems. For example, the operating system’s kernel devices and daemons are protected by privileges and file permissions.
Besides, logins require passwords, which are highly encrypted. Plus, remote logins are restricted to an authenticated and encrypted channel through Oracle Solaris’ Secure Shell.
Disk data is protected via file permissions, and you can configure extra protection layers. The top-notch security features make Solaris a better choice for securing mission-critical data than Windows.
Solaris is also highly scalable; it can operate in a growing environment. Specifically, the operating system runs on machines of varying sizes, from personal laptops to supercomputers.
The OS Offers unlimited capacity to help in the management of file systems and databases. Moreover, it allows smooth interoperability for solving numerous software and hardware issues, a feature that makes it more stable than Windows.
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8. The FreeBSD Project
FreeBSD is a LINUX-based modern operating system for laptops, servers, desktops, and embedded systems. It’s free and open-source software compatible with multiple platforms. Its primary focus is on stability, security, and speed.
Here’s a fun fact about FreeBSD: a large community from the University of California built it.
The operating system offers advanced security and networking features. The security features include mandatory access controls, extended file system attributes, security event auditing, access control lists, and more.
The OS provides two choices for data encryption at the disk level: GBDE and Geli. GBDE builds a random key each time a sector is written. On the other hand, Geli allows various data elements, such as file bits and phrases, to build the key. Besides, it allows for a one-time key and multiple keys.
The operating system supports the ZFS system, allowing a file system to expand through a pool or a series of drives. Generally, ZFS manages and formats partitions.
Overall, FreeBSD is a stable OS that requires very low system requirements to work. Specifically, it works with a RAM of 64 MB minimum, at least 1.1 GB of disk space, and a 486 processor or better.
These system requirements are lower than those of better Windows versions, such as Windows 10 which functions well on a device with 1 GB RAM (for 32-bit) or 2 GB RAM (for 64-bit) minimum, 1 GHz or faster processor, and 16 GB disk space.
9. Debian
Debian is a free, Linux-based, open-source platform. It’s compatible with many devices, including desktops, laptops, and servers. This Linux kernel supports most hardware, meaning that Debian offers extensive hardware support as well.
Debian is lighter than Windows and it works quicker regardless of the processor speed. The OS comes with integrated security firewalls for protecting valuable data.
The OS runs on numerous devices, such as mobile devices, Raspberry Pi, home routers, variants of QNAP, and Single Board Computers.
Keeping the operating system updated is straightforward. You can upgrade a single package or upgrade to an entirely new release.
Also, the OS supports various desktop environments, such as Cinnamon, GNOME, MATE, KDE, and more. Interestingly, Ubuntu software packages do work effectively with Debian.
Additionally, most Linux purists prefer this operating system to its popular offshoots due to its unmatched stability, low RAM, and disk occupancy.
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10. Kubuntu
Does this name bring Ubuntu to mind? You’re right; Kubuntu is Ubuntu’s specified version that brings another environment to the Ubuntu operating system.
Kubuntu is a complete and free open source system with everything you need to play, work, or share.
This operating system unites Ubuntu with KDE and the magnificent Plasma desktop, resulting in a complete set of applications. Kubuntu’s installation includes office, graphics, email, productivity, music, and photography apps that you can start using at startup.
LibreOffice, Gwenview, Firefox, and Kmail are among the applications that come installed and ready to be used. But you can go to the Discover Software Center and click on thousands of other apps for use on your device.
Kubuntu has been created using the Qt toolkit, making it slick, fast, and eye-grabbing. What’s more, Kubuntu is mobile-ready, meaning you can easily integrate it between your computer and tablet or smartphone.
Simply install KDE Connect from Google Play to an Android device and integrate the latter with your desktop. This is one of the features that make Kubuntu the best Windows alternative.
11. Solus
Solus was started back in 2011 as Debian’s spin-off with the GNOME 2 desktop. The OS underwent further development, got a new desktop environment, and changed its name to just “Solus.”
Now, it’s a fully-fledged, stand-alone Linux distribution with its own set of repositories and desktop environment. The OS is easy to use, stable, and with a broad selection of apps in its repositories.
Solus is a powerful tool for both developers and content creators. As a developer, you can spend more time coding and less time tooling. The system supports a wide variety of version control systems, compilers, programming languages, and containerization.
Similarly, as a content creator, you’ll find it an excellent tool for expressing creativity. You can use it to edit videos, animate, produce music, or design graphics. For each content piece you’d like to create, Solus has suitable software for that.
Solus is a perfect operating system for new computer users interested in something cleaner and more straightforward than Windows. On top of that, this OS offers easy installation and exceptional hardware support.
What I like about Solus is its Budgie (desktop environment). It’s tidy, attention-grabbing, slick, fast, and user-friendly. As a Windows user, you’ll immediately feel at home with the Budgie.
A button brings you to the main menu, apps can be pinned to the panel, and notifications are on the right. You have a lot of control over this interface and can move the settings panel to the left, right, or even bottom.
12. CentOS
CentOS is a community-driven, free, open-source operating system built on Red Hat Enterprise Linux’s source code. Red Hat creates its product from open-source software, which is why its source code is publicly available.
The platform’s development aims at providing a powerful system that open source users can use for development tasks. Additionally, the software can be used to process scientific data and host businesses; businesses can use it to host programs.
CentOS uses a virtual machine (kernel-based) for virtualization and offers powerful performance and stability.
A dedicated team of developers maintains the OS, keeping it up to date and ensuring it’s compatible with new applications. Further, a lot of community network administrators, Linux lovers, and system administrators provide extra support by managing updates, testing releases, and assisting with the development.
The development team is proficient when it comes to detecting threats and incorporating top-notch security features into the software. Moreover, the OS comes with a security-enhanced kernel extension.
So, if you’re looking for a Windows alternative with improved security, performance, and stability, CentOS would do.
So, what architect does it support? Well, CentOS 7 supports x86-64; this means the software can run on both 32-bit and 64-bit platforms.
Also Read: Best Bleachbit Alternatives
13. Chrome OS
Chrome OS is a Linux-based, web-browser-powered operating system developed by Google. The operating system relies on cloud servers and an internet connection to work.
By default, Chrome OS is used in Chromebooks. Its open-source version is known as Chromium OS and it comes pre-installed on most devices.
Its user interface is inspired by the Google Chrome browser concept. Chrome OS has a very short booting time due to its easy process. All Google Chrome web apps can be run on this operating system.
Chrome OS also features simplicity and security. You won’t have to worry about security updates, Trojans, malware, and viruses. It is also lightweight when compared to
Windows. This means you can install the operating system on any hardware, new or old. If you’re into word processing and social networking, this is your OS.
The application runtime for chrome also allows you to run several specific Android apps here. If you like deep web browsing, Chrome OS will offer high speeds and an excellent browsing experience.
The Chrome operating system offers easy access to all its features and offline access to Google products. It also has a longer battery life for most devices and is also compatible with touchscreen devices.
Chrome OS is developed with built-in security features that you may not find in Windows.
14. Ubuntu
Developed by Canonical Inc., this Linux-based operating system also works on servers and smartphones.
Ubuntu is feature-packed, with an interface similar to that of macOS. If you own an Apple computer, then using Ubuntu will be easy for you.
Ubuntu is also general-purpose. The operating system is powered by the Unity interface, which is pretty different from Windows’ UI philosophy. Besides tabs, it also has a sidebar for navigation.
An Ubuntu installation comes with preloaded apps like Mozilla Firefox, LibreOffice, Thunderbird email client, and more. You are also allowed to download other apps from the GNOME software store.
Image editing on Ubuntu can be achieved by grabbing GIMP, while you can use a VLC player for media. Since it receives frequent updates, you’ll have no problem using this operating system.
Ubuntu OS is compatible with many other services. For instance, you can install Skype, TeamViewer, Google Chrome, Dropbox, and other widely used services on your device.
Ubuntu is easy to set up, user-friendly, and very compatible. The dock on the left side of the Ubuntu desktop contains basic app icons, LibreOffice for productivity, and a Firefox browser.
On the right, you’ll find settings-based features for essential functions such as sound, date, time, language, and network, among others.
You can have Ubuntu for personal and enterprise use. It is integrated with security standards and has six different privacy protocols. The built-in firewall and virus protection software saves you the cost of third-party antivirus software.
15. ReactOS
ReactOS is based on Windows NT architecture. It maintains system-level compatibility with Microsoft’s operating system for PCs.
This open-source operating system can run software such as Opera, Firefox, LibreOffice, and manage earlier versions of commercial applications like Adobe Photoshop. This is because it incorporates partial functions of the Windows emulator Wine.
Currently, ReactOS is working to maintain full compatibility. It doesn’t use any proprietary software but it’s designed for compatibility with Microsoft operating system’s applications and drivers.
ReactOS supports a lot of file systems. It can run on processors like Intel Xeon (R) x64, Intel (R) Pentium ® x64, AMD(R) Athlon(R) x64 and AMD Opteron(R) in 32-bit.
Interestingly, ReactOS can run both Firefox and Chrome.
Conclusion
From our evaluation, elementary seems to bag the winning trophy. It is not only open-source, but it also has advanced, customizable shortcuts on the screen.
The multitasking view enhances your organization skills as you put your activities in order and navigate through with ease.
With elementary, you get to focus on one task without any distractions. While at it, you’ll be able to monitor the apps in the background and ensure nothing happens without your permission.
Tom loves to write on technology, e-commerce & internet marketing. I started my first e-commerce company in college, designing and selling t-shirts for my campus bar crawl using print-on-demand. Having successfully established multiple 6 & 7-figure e-commerce businesses (in women’s fashion and hiking gear), I think I can share a tip or 2 to help you succeed.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is a list of operating systems. Computer operating systems can be categorized by technology, ownership, licensing, working state, usage, and by many other characteristics. In practice, many of these groupings may overlap. Criteria for inclusion is notability, as shown either through an existing Wikipedia article or citation to a reliable source.
- Arthur
- ARX
- MOS
- RISC iX
- RISC OS
- Fire OS
- AmigaOS
- AmigaOS 1.0-3.9 (Motorola 68000)
- AmigaOS 4 (PowerPC)
- Amiga Unix (a.k.a. Amix)
- AMSDOS
- Contiki
- CP/M 2.2
- CP/M Plus
- SymbOS
- Apple II
- Apple DOS
- Apple Pascal
- Apex (Colorado School of Mines)
- ProDOS
- GS/OS
- GNO/ME
- Contiki
- Apple III
- Apple SOS
- Apple Lisa
- Mac
- Classic Mac OS
- A/UX (UNIX System V with BSD extensions)
- Copland
- MkLinux
- Pink
- Rhapsody
- macOS (formerly Mac OS X and OS X)
- macOS Server (formerly Mac OS X Server and OS X Server)
- Apple Network Server
- IBM AIX (Apple-customized)
- Apple MessagePad
- Newton OS
- iPhone and iPod Touch
- iOS (formerly iPhone OS)
- iPad
- iPadOS
- Apple Watch
- watchOS
- Apple TV
- tvOS
- Embedded operating systems
- bridgeOS
- Apple Vision Pro
- visionOS
- iPad
- iOS (formerly iPhone OS)
- Embedded operating systems
- A/ROSE
- iPod software (unnamed embedded OS for iPod)
- Unnamed NetBSD variant for Airport Extreme and Time Capsule
Apollo Computer, Hewlett-Packard
[edit]
- Domain/OS – One of the first network-based systems. Run on Apollo/Domain hardware. Later bought by Hewlett-Packard.
- Atari DOS (for 8-bit computers)
- Atari TOS
- Atari MultiTOS
- Contiki (for 8-bit, ST, Portfolio)
- XTS-400
- BeOS
- BeIA
- BeOS r5.1d0
- magnussoft ZETA (based on BeOS r5.1d0 source code, developed by yellowTAB)
- Unix («Ken’s new system,» for its creator (Ken Thompson), officially Unics and then Unix, the prototypic operating system created in Bell Labs in 1969 that formed the basis for the Unix family of operating systems)
- UNIX Time-Sharing System v1
- UNIX Time-Sharing System v2
- UNIX Time-Sharing System v3
- UNIX Time-Sharing System v4
- UNIX Time-Sharing System v5
- UNIX Time-Sharing System v6
- MINI-UNIX
- PWB/UNIX
- USG
- CB Unix
- USG
- UNIX Time-Sharing System v7 (It is from Version 7 Unix (and, to an extent, its descendants listed below) that almost all Unix-based and Unix-like operating systems descend.)
- Unix System III
- Unix System IV
- Unix System V
- Unix System V Releases 2.0, 3.0, 3.2, 4.0, and 4.2
- UNIX Time-Sharing System v8
- UNIX Time-Sharing System v9
- UNIX Time-Sharing System v10
Non-Unix Operating Systems:
- BESYS
- Plan 9 from Bell Labs
- Inferno
Burroughs Corporation, Unisys
[edit]
- Burroughs MCP
- Siris 8
Commodore International
[edit]
- GEOS
- AmigaOS
- AROS Research Operating System
Control Data Corporation
[edit]
- SCOPE (Supervisory Control Of Program Execution)[1]
- SCOPE (Supervisory Control Of Program Execution)[2]
- Drum SCOPE[3]
6×00 and related Cyber
[edit]
- Chippewa Operating System (COS)[4]
- MACE (Mansfield and Cahlander Executive)
- Kronos (Kronographic OS)[5]
- NOS (Network Operating System)[6][7]
- NOS/VE (NOS Virtual Environment)
- NOS (Network Operating System)[6][7]
- Kronos (Kronographic OS)[5]
- SCOPE (Supervisory Control Of Program Execution)[8]
- NOS/BE NOS Batch Environment[9]
- MACE (Mansfield and Cahlander Executive)
- SIPROS (Simultaneous Processing Operating System)[10]
Multiple Console Time Sharing System (MCTS), from General Motors Research
- Puffin OS
Convergent Technologies
[edit]
- Convergent Technologies Operating System (CTOS) – later acquired by Unisys
- Cromemco DOS (CDOS) – a Disk Operating system compatible with CP/M
- Cromix – a multitasking, multi-user, Unix-like OS for Cromemco microcomputers with Z80A and/or 68000 CPU
- AOS for 16-bit Data General Eclipse computers and AOS/VS for 32-bit (MV series) Eclipses, MP/AOS for microNOVA-based computers
- DG/UX
- RDOS Real-time Disk Operating System, with variants: RTOS and DOS (not related to PC DOS, MS-DOS etc.)
- CTOS Cassette Tape Operating System for the Datapoint 2200[11]
- DOS Disk Operating System for the Datapoint 2200, 5500, and 1100[12]
- Deos – Time & Space Partitioned RTOS, Certified to DO-178B, Level A since 1998
- HeartOS – POSIX-based Hard Real-Time Operating System
Digital Research, Inc.
[edit]
- CP/M
- CP/M CP/M for Intel 8080/8085 and Zilog Z80
- Personal CP/M, a refinement of CP/M
- CP/M Plus with BDOS 3.0
- CP/M-68K CP/M for Motorola 68000
- CP/M-8000 CP/M for Zilog Z8000
- CP/M-86 CP/M for Intel 8088/8086
- CP/M-86 Plus
- Personal CP/M-86
- MP/M Multi-user version of CP/M-80
- MP/M II
- MP/M-86 Multi-user version of CP/M-86
- MP/M 8-16, a dual-processor variant of MP/M for 8086 and 8080 CPUs.
- Concurrent CP/M, the successor of CP/M-80 and MP/M-80
- Concurrent CP/M-86, the successor of CP/M-86 and MP/M-86
- Concurrent CP/M 8-16, a dual-processor variant of Concurrent CP/M for 8086 and 8080 CPUs.
- Concurrent CP/M-68K, a variant for the 68000
- CP/M CP/M for Intel 8080/8085 and Zilog Z80
- DOS
- Concurrent DOS, the successor of Concurrent CP/M-86 with PC-MODE
- Concurrent PC DOS, a Concurrent DOS variant for IBM compatible PCs
- Concurrent DOS 8-16, a dual-processor variant of Concurrent DOS for 8086 and 8080 CPUs
- Concurrent DOS 286
- Concurrent DOS XM, a real-mode variant of Concurrent DOS with EEMS support
- Concurrent DOS 386
- Concurrent DOS 386/MGE, a Concurrent DOS 386 variant with advanced graphics terminal capabilities
- Concurrent DOS 68K, a port of Concurrent DOS to Motorola 68000 CPUs with DOS source code portability capabilities
- FlexOS 1.0 – 2.34, a derivative of Concurrent DOS 286
- FlexOS 186, a variant of FlexOS for terminals
- FlexOS 286, a variant of FlexOS for hosts
- Siemens S5-DOS/MT, an industrial control system based on FlexOS
- IBM 4680 OS, a POS operating system based on FlexOS
- IBM 4690 OS, a POS operating system based on FlexOS
- Toshiba 4690 OS, a POS operating system based on IBM 4690 OS and FlexOS
- FlexOS 386, a later variant of FlexOS for hosts
- IBM 4690 OS, a POS operating system based on FlexOS
- Toshiba 4690 OS, a POS operating system based on IBM 4690 OS and FlexOS
- IBM 4690 OS, a POS operating system based on FlexOS
- FlexOS 68K, a derivative of Concurrent DOS 68K
- Multiuser DOS, the successor of Concurrent DOS 386
- CCI Multiuser DOS
- Datapac Multiuser DOS
- Datapac System Manager, a derivative of Datapac Multiuser DOS
- IMS Multiuser DOS
- IMS REAL/32, a derivative of Multiuser DOS
- IMS REAL/NG, the successor of REAL/32
- IMS REAL/32, a derivative of Multiuser DOS
- DOS Plus 1.1 – 2.1, a single-user, multi-tasking system derived from Concurrent DOS 4.1 – 5.0
- DR-DOS 3.31 – 6.0, a single-user, single-tasking native DOS derived from Concurrent DOS 6.0
- Novell PalmDOS 1.0
- Novell «Star Trek»
- Novell DOS 7, a single-user, multi-tasking system derived from DR DOS
- Caldera OpenDOS 7.01
- Caldera DR-DOS 7.02 and higher
- Concurrent DOS, the successor of Concurrent CP/M-86 with PC-MODE
Digital Equipment Corporation, Compaq, Hewlett-Packard, Hewlett Packard Enterprise
[edit]
- Batch-11/DOS-11
- OS/8
- RSTS/E – multi-user time-sharing OS for PDP-11s
- RSX-11 – multiuser, multitasking OS for PDP-11s
- RT-11 – single user OS for PDP-11
- TOPS-10 – for the PDP-10
- TENEX – an ancestor of TOPS-20 from BBN, for the PDP-10
- TOPS-20 – for the PDP-10
- DEC MICA – for the DEC PRISM
- Digital UNIX – derived from OSF/1, became HP’s Tru64 UNIX
- Ultrix
- VMS – originally by DEC (now by VMS Software Inc.) for the VAX mini-computer range; later renamed OpenVMS and ported to Alpha, and subsequently ported to Intel Itanium and then to x86-64
- WAITS – for the PDP-6 and PDP-10
- OSE – Flexible, small footprint, high-performance RTOS for control processors
- Towns OS
- XSP
- OS/IV
- MSP
- MSP-EX
- COS
- DOS
- OS4000
General Electric, Honeywell, Bull
[edit]
- Real-Time Multiprogramming Operating System
- GCOS
- Multics
- ChromiumOS is an open source operating system development version of ChromeOS. Both operating systems are based on the Linux kernel.
- ChromeOS is designed to work exclusively with web applications, though has been updated to run Android apps with full support for Google Play Store. Announced on July 7, 2009, ChromeOS is currently publicly available and was released summer 2011. The ChromeOS source code was released on November 19, 2009, under the BSD license as ChromiumOS.
- Container-Optimized OS (COS) is an operating system that is optimized for running Docker containers, based on ChromiumOS.[13]
- Android is an operating system for mobile devices. It consists of Android Runtime (userland) with Linux (kernel), with its Linux kernel modified to add drivers for mobile device hardware and to remove unused Vanilla Linux drivers.
- gLinux, a Linux distribution that Google uses internally
- Fuchsia is a capability-based real-time operating system (RTOS) scalable to universal devices, in early development, from the tiniest embedded hardware, wristwatches, tablets to the largest personal computers. Unlike ChromeOS and Android, it is not based on the Linux kernel, but instead began on a new microkernel called «Zircon», derived from «Little Kernel».
- Wear OS a version of Google’s Android operating system designed for smartwatches and other wearables.
Green Hills Software
[edit]
- INTEGRITY – Reliable Operating system
- INTEGRITY-178B – A DO-178B certified version of INTEGRITY.
- μ-velOSity – A lightweight microkernel.
Harris Computer Systems
[edit]
- Vulcan O/S – Proprietary O/S for Harris Computer Systems (HCX)
- CX/UX – Proprietary UNIX based OS for Harris’ computers (MCX)
Heathkit, Zenith Data Systems
[edit]
- HDOS – ran on the H8 and Heath/Zenith Z-89 series
- HT-11 – a modified version of RT-11 that ran on the Heathkit H11
Hewlett-Packard, Hewlett Packard Enterprise
[edit]
- HP Multi-Programming Executive (MPE, MPE/XL, and MPE/iX) – runs on HP 3000 and HP e3000 mini-computers
- HP-UX – runs on HP9000 and Itanium servers (from small to mainframe-class computers)
- CP-6, CP-V work-alike for Honeywell Level/66
- HarmonyOS
- HarmonyOS NEXT
- LiteOS
- EulerOS
- iRMX – real-time operating system originally created to support the Intel 8080 and 8086 processor families in embedded applications.
- ISIS, ISIS-II – «Intel Systems Implementation Supervisor» was an environment for development of software within the Intel microprocessor family in the early 1980s on their Intellec Microcomputer Development System and clones. ISIS-II worked with 8 inch floppy disks and had an editor, cross-assemblers, a linker, an object locator, debugger, compilers for PL/M, a BASIC interpreter, etc. and allowed file management through a console.
- iMAX 432 — an operating system for systems based on Intel’s iAPX 432 architecture.
On early mainframes: 1410, 7010, 704, 709, 7090, 7094, 7040, 7044, 7030
[edit]
- BESYS – for the IBM 7090
- Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS) – developed at MIT’s Computation Center for use on a modified IBM 7094
- FORTRAN Monitor System (FMS) – for the IBM 709 and 7090
- GM OS & GM-NAA I/O – for the IBM 704
- IBSYS – tape based operating system for IBM 7090 and IBM 7094
- 7040/7044 Operating System (16/32K) — 7040-PR-150
- IJMON – A bootable serial I/O monitor for loading programs for the IBM 1400 series[citation needed]
- 1410 Processor Operating System (PR-155) for the 1410 and 7010
- SHARE Operating System (SOS) – for the IBM 704 and 709
- University of Michigan Executive System (UMES) – for the IBM 704, 709, and 7090)
On S/360, S/370, and successor mainframes
[edit]
- OS/360 and successors on IBM S/360, S/370, and successor mainframes
- OS/360 (first official OS targeted for the System/360 architecture)
- PCP (Primary Control Program, a kernel and a ground breaking automatic space allocating file system)
- MFT (original Multi-programming with a Fixed number of Tasks, replaced by MFT II)
- MFT II (Multi-Programming with a Fixed number of Tasks, had up to 15 fixed size application partitions, plus partitions for system tasks, initially defined at boot time but redefinable by operator command)
- MVT (Multi-Programming with a Variable number of Tasks, had up to 15 application regions defined dynamically, plus additional regions for system tasks)
- M65MP (MVT with support for a multiprocessor 360/65)
- OS/VS (port of OS/360 targeted for the System/370 virtual memory architecture (OS/370 is not the correct name for OS/VS1 and OS/VS2.) OS/VS has the following variations:
- OS/VS1 (Operating System/Virtual Storage 1, Virtual-memory version of OS/360 MFT II)
- OS/VS1 Basic Programming Extensions (BPE) adds device support and VM handshaking
- OS/VS2 (Operating System/Virtual Storage 2, Virtual-memory version of OS/360 MVT)
- OS/VS2 R1 (Called Single Virtual Storage (SVS), Virtual-memory version of OS/360 MVT but without multiprocessing support)
- OS/VS2 R2 through R3.8 (called Multiple Virtual Storage, MVS, eliminated most need for VS1).
- MVS/SE (MVS System Extensions)
- OS/VS1 (Operating System/Virtual Storage 1, Virtual-memory version of OS/360 MFT II)
- MVS/SP (MVS System Product) V1
- MVS/370 refers to OS/VS2 MVS, MVS/SE and MVS/SP Version 1
- MVS/XA (MVS/SP V2, supports S/370 Extended Architecture, 31-bit addressing)
- MVS/ESA (MVS supported Enterprise Systems Architecture, horizontal addressing extensions: data only address spaces called Dataspaces)
- MVS/SP V3
- MVS/ESA SP V4 (a Unix environment was available for MVS/ESA SP V4R3)
- MVS/ESA SP V5 (the UNIX environment was bundled in this and all subsequent versions)
- OS/390 replacement for MVS/ESA SP V5 with some products bundled
- z/OS z/Architecture replacement for OS/390 with 64-bit virtual addressing
- Phoenix/MVS (Developed at Cambridge University)
- OS/360 (first official OS targeted for the System/360 architecture)
- DOS/360 and successors on IBM S/360, S/370, and successor mainframes
- BOS/360 (early interim version of DOS/360, briefly available at a few Alpha & Beta System/360 sites)
- TOS/360 (similar to BOS above and more fleeting, able to boot and run from 2×00 series tape drives)
- DOS/360 (Disk Operating System (DOS), multi-programming system with up to 3 partitions, first commonly available OS for System/360)
- DOS/360/RJE (DOS/360 with a control program extension that provided for the monitoring of remote job entry hardware (card reader & printer) connected by dedicated phone lines)
- DOS/VS (First DOS offered on System/370 systems, provided virtual storage)
- DOS/VSE (also known as VSE, upgrade of DOS/VS, up to 14 fixed size processing partitions )
- VSE/Advanced Functions (VSE/AF) — Additional functionality for DOS/VSE
- VSE/SP (program product including DOS/VSE and VSE/AF)
- VSE/ESA, replaces VSE/SP, supports ESA/370 and ESA/390 with 31-bit addresses
- z/VSE (latest version of the four decades old DOS lineage, supports 64-bit addresses, multiprocessing, multiprogramming, SNA, TCP/IP, and some virtual machine features in support of Linux workloads)
- CP/CMS (Control Program/Cambridge Monitor System) and successors on IBM S/360, S/370, and successor mainframes
- CP-40/CMS (for System/360 Model 40)
- CP-67/CMS (for System/360 Model 67)
- Virtual Machine Facility/370 (VM/370) — the CP virtual machine hypervisor, Conversational Monitor System (CMS) operating system and supporting facilities for System/370 (24-bit addresses)
- VM/370 Basic System Extensions Program Product (VM/BSE, AKA BSEPP) is an enhancement to VM/370
- VM/370 System Extensions Program Product (VM/SE, AKA SEPP) is an enhancement to VM/370 that includes the facilities of VM/BSE
- Virtual Machine/System Product (VM/SP) replaces VM/370, VM/BSE and VM/SE.
- Virtual Machine/Extended Architecture (VM/XA) refers to three versions of VM that support System/370 Extended Architecture (S/370-XA) with 31-bit virtual addresses
- Virtual Machine/Extended architecture Migration Aid (VM/XA MA) — Intended for MVS/370 to MVS/XA migration
- Virtual Machine/Extended Architecture Systems Facility (VM/XA SF) — new release of VM/XA MA with additional functionality
- Virtual Machine/Extended Architecture System Product (VM/XA SP) — Replaces VM/SP, VM/SP HPO and VM/XA SF
- Virtual Machine/Enterprise Systems Architecture (VM/ESA), supports S/370, ESA/370 and ESA/390 (a Unix environment was available starting with[14] Version 2.)
-
- z/VM (z/Architecture version of the VM OS with 64-bit addressing). Starting with Version 3,[15] the Unix environment was standard.
- TPF Line (Transaction Processing Facility) on IBM S/360, S/370, and successor mainframes (largely used by airlines)
- ACP (Airline Control Program)
- TPF (Transaction Processing Facility)
- z/TPF (z/Architecture extension)
- Unix-like on IBM S/360, S/370, and successor mainframes
- AIX/370 (IBM’s Advanced Interactive eXecutive, a System V Unix version)
- AIX/ESA (IBM’s Advanced Interactive eXecutive, a System V Unix version)
- OpenSolaris for System z
- UTS (developed by Amdahl)
- Linux on IBM Z
- Others on IBM S/360, S/370, and successor mainframes:
- BOS/360 (Basic Operating System)
- Distributed Processing Programming Executive/370 (DPPX/370) a port of DDPX from 8100 to S/370.
- MTS (Michigan Terminal System, developed by a group of universities in the US, Canada, and the UK for the IBM System/360 Model 67, System/370 series, and compatible mainframes)
- RTOS/360 (IBM’s Real Time Operating System, ran on 5 NASA custom System/360-75s)[16]
- TOS/360 (Tape Operating System)
- TSS/360 (IBM’s Time Sharing System)
- MUSIC/SP (developed by McGill University for IBM System/370)
- ORVYL and WYLBUR (developed by Stanford University for IBM System/360)
On PC and Intel x86 based architectures
[edit]
- PC DOS, IBM DOS
- PC DOS 1.x, 2.x, 3.x (developed jointly with Microsoft)
- IBM DOS 4.x, 5.0 (developed jointly with Microsoft)
- PC DOS 6.1, 6.3, 7, 2000, 7.10
See also: MS-DOS and Windows
- OS/2
- OS/2 1.x (developed jointly with Microsoft)
- OS/2 2.x
- OS/2 Warp 3 (ported to PPC via Workplace OS)
- OS/2 Warp 4
- eComStation (Warp 4.5/Workspace on Demand, rebundled by Serenity Systems International)
- ArcaOS (Warp 4.52 based system sold by Arca Noae, LLC)
- IBM 4680 OS version 1 to 4, a POS operating system based on Digital Research’s Concurrent DOS 286 and FlexOS 286 1.xx
- IBM 4690 OS version 1 to 6.3, a successor to 4680 OS based on Novell’s FlexOS 286/FlexOS 386 2.3x
- Toshiba 4690 OS version 6.4, a successor to 4690 OS 6.3
- IBM 4690 OS version 1 to 6.3, a successor to 4680 OS based on Novell’s FlexOS 286/FlexOS 386 2.3x
- Unix-like on PS/2
- AIX (IBM’s Advanced Interactive eXecutive, a System V Unix version)
On other hardware platforms
[edit]
- IBM Series/1
- EDX (Event Driven Executive)
- RPS (Realtime Programming System)
- CPS (Control Programming Support, subset of RPS)
- SerIX (Unix on Series/1)
- IBM 1130
- DMS (Disk Monitor System)
- IBM 1800
- TSX (Time Sharing eXecutive)
- MPX (Multi Programming eXecutive)
- IBM 8100
- DPCX (Distributed Processing Control eXecutive)
- DPPX (Distributed Processing Programming Executive)
- IBM System/3
- DMS (Disk Management System)
- IBM System/34, IBM System/36
- SSP (System Support Program)
- IBM System/38
- CPF (Control Program Facility)
- IBM System/88
- Stratus VOS (developed by Stratus, and used for IBM System/88, Original equipment manufacturer from Stratus)
- IBM AS/400, iSeries, System i, IBM Power Systems
- IBM i (previously known as OS/400 and i5/OS, descendant of System/38 CPF, includes System/36 SSP and AIX environment)
- UNIX on IBM RT PC
- AOS (a BSD Unix version, not related to Data General AOS)
- AIX (Advanced Interactive eXecutive, a System V Unix version)
- UNIX on POWER ISA, PowerPC, and Power ISA
- AIX (Advanced Interactive eXecutive, a System V Unix version)
- Others
- Workplace OS (a microkernel based operating system including OS/2, developed and canceled in the 1990s)
- K42 (open-source research operating system on PowerPC or x86 based cache-coherent multiprocessor systems)
- Dynix (developed by Sequent, and used for IBM NUMA-Q too)
International Computers Limited
[edit]
- J and MultiJob – for the System 4 series mainframes
- GEORGE 2/3/4 GEneral ORGanisational Environment – used by ICL 1900 series mainframes
- Edinburgh Multiple Access System (EMAS) for the ICL System 4/75, from the University of Edinburgh, later ported to other systems.
- Executive – used on the 1900 and 290x range of minicomputers. A modified version of Executive was also used as part of GEORGE 3 and 4.
- TME – used on the ME29 minicomputer
- ICL VME – including early variants VME/B and VME/2900, appearing on the ICL 2900 Series and Series 39 mainframes, implemented in S3
- VME/K – on early smaller 2900s
- Remix OS
- Sailfish OS
- KaiOS
Lynx Real-time Systems, LynuxWorks, Lynx Software Technologies
[edit]
- LynxOS
- Flyme OS
Microsoft Corporation
[edit]
- Xenix (licensed version of Unix; licensed to SCO in 1987)
- MS-DOS (developed jointly with IBM, versions 1.0–6.22)
- Z-DOS
- MS-Net
- MS-DOS 4.0 (multitasking)
- MS-DOS 7
- MSX-DOS (developed by MS Japan for the MSX 8-bit computer)
- DOS/V
- OS/2 1.x (developed jointly with IBM until version 1.3)
- LAN Manager
- Windows (16-bit and 32-bit preemptive and cooperative multitasking, running atop MS-DOS)
- Windows 1.0 (Windows 1)
- Windows 2.0 (Windows 2 – separate version for i386 processor)
- Windows 2.1 (Windows/286, Windows/386)
- Windows 3.0 (Windows 3)
- Windows 3.1x (Windows 3.1)
- Windows for Workgroups 3.1 (Codename Snowball)
- Windows 3.2 (Chinese-only release)
- Windows for Workgroups 3.11
- Windows 95 (codename Chicago – Windows 4.0)
- Windows 98 (codename Memphis – Windows 4.1)
- Windows Millennium Edition (Windows ME – Windows 4.9)
- Windows NT (Full 32-bit or 64-bit kernel, not dependent on MS-DOS)
- Windows NT 3.1
- Windows NT 3.5
- Windows NT 3.51
- Windows NT 4.0
- Windows 2000 (Windows NT 5.0)
- Windows XP (Windows NT 5.1)
- Windows Server 2003 (Windows NT 5.2)
- Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs (based on Windows XP)
- Windows Vista (Windows NT 6.0)
- Windows Azure (Cloud OS Platform) 2009
- Windows Home Server (based on Windows Server 2003)
- Windows Server 2008 (based on Windows Vista)
- Windows 7 (Windows NT 6.1)
- Windows Server 2008 R2 (based on Windows 7)
- Windows Home Server 2011 (based on Windows Server 2008 R2)
- Windows 8 (Windows NT 6.2)
- Windows RT
- Windows Phone 8
- Windows Server 2012 (based on Windows
- Windows 8.1 (Windows NT 6.3)
- Windows Phone 8.1
- Windows Server 2012 R2 (based on Windows 8.1)
- Windows 10 (Windows NT 10.0)
- Windows 10 Mobile
- Windows Server 2016
- Windows Server 2019
- Windows 11 (Windows NT 10.0)
- Windows Server 2022
- Windows Server 2025
- Windows CE (OS for handhelds, embedded devices, and real-time applications that is similar to other versions of Windows)
- Windows CE 3.0
- Windows CE 5.0
- Windows Embedded CE 6.0
- Windows Embedded Compact 7
- Windows Embedded Compact 2013
- Windows Mobile (based on Windows CE, but for a smaller form factor)
- Windows Phone 7
- KIN OS
- Xbox system software
- Xbox (first generation) system software
- Xbox 360 system software
- Xbox One system software
- Xbox Series X/S system software
- Singularity – A research operating system written mostly in managed code (C#)
- Midori – A managed code operating system
- SONiC
- Azure Sphere
- CBL-Mariner
- Altair DOS – An early disk operating system for the Altair 8800 machine.[citation needed]
- MontaVista Mobilinux
- VERSAdos
- TMX – Transaction Management eXecutive.
- IMOS – Interactive Multiprogramming Operating System (circa 1978), for the NCR Century 8200 series minicomputers.[17]
- VRX – Virtual Resource eXecutive.
- NeXTSTEP
- ES – a computer operating system developed originally by Nintendo and since 2008 by Esrille. It is open source and runs natively on x86 platforms.
- Wii system software
- Wii U system software
- Nintendo Switch system software
- NetWare – network operating system providing high-performance network services. Has been superseded by Open Enterprise Server line, which can be based on NetWare or Linux to provide the same set of services.
- UnixWare
- Novell «SuperNOS» – a never released merge of NetWare and UnixWare
- Novell «Corsair»
- Novell «Exposé»
- Open Enterprise Server – the successor to NetWare
Open Mobile Platform
[edit]
- Aurora OS – the successor to Sailfish OS (not to be confused with a different Aurora OS)
- RTXC Quadros RTOS – proprietary C-based RTOS used in embedded systems
- Time Sharing Operating System (TSOS) – first OS supporting virtual addressing of the main storage and support for both timeshare and batch interface
- DSPnano RTOS – 8/16 Bit Ultra Tiny Embedded Linux Compatible RTOS
Samsung Electronics
[edit]
- Bada
- Tizen is an operating system based on the Linux kernel, a project within the Linux Foundation and is governed by a Technical Steering Group (TSG) while controlled by Samsung and backed by Intel. Tizen works on a wide range of Samsung devices including smartphones, tablets, smart TVs, PCs and wearable.
- Orsay
- One UI — Android skin
Scientific Data Systems (SDS)
[edit]
- Berkeley Timesharing System for the SDS 940
- Universal Time-Sharing System CP-V, CP-R
- Xerox Operating System (XOS)
- GORDO from UCLA[18]
- Ésope (operating system) from IRIA for the Sigma 7 and CII 10070[19]
Source:[20]
- Xenix, Unix System III based distribution for the Intel 8086/8088 architecture
- Xenix 286, Unix System V Release 2 based distribution for the Intel 80286 architecture
- Xenix 386, Unix System V Release 2 based distribution for the Intel 80386 architecture
- SCO Unix, SCO UNIX System V/386 was the first volume commercial product licensed by AT&T to use the UNIX System trademark (1989). Derived from AT&T System V Release 3.2 with an infusion of Xenix device drivers and utilities plus most of the SVR4 features
- SCO Open Desktop, the first 32-bit graphical user interface for UNIX Systems running on Intel processor-based computers. Based on SCO Unix
- SCO OpenServer 5, AT&T UNIX System V Release 3 based
- SCO OpenServer 6, SVR5 (UnixWare 7) based kernel with SCO OpenServer 5 application and binary compatibility, system administration, and user environments
- UnixWare
- UnixWare 2.x, based on AT&T System V Release 4.2MP
- UnixWare 7, UnixWare 2 kernel plus parts of 3.2v5 (UnixWare 2 + OpenServer 5 = UnixWare 7). Referred to by SCO as SVR5
Silicon Laboratories (formerly Micrium Inc.)
[edit]
- Micrium OS — customized μC/OS-III for Silicon Laboratories’s SoC products
- Sinclair BASIC was used in the 8-bit home computers from Sinclair Research and Timex Sinclair. It was included in the ROM, and the computers booted to the Basic interpreter. Various versions exist, with the latter ones supporting disk drive operations.
- PlayStation 3 system software
- PlayStation 4 system software
- PlayStation 5 system software
- PikeOS – a certified real time operating system for safety and security critical embedded systems
Tandem Computers, Compaq, Hewlett-Packard, Hewlett Packard Enterprise
[edit]
- NonStop OS — formerly Guardian (Tandem), then NonStop Kernel, then NonStop OS; runs on HPE’s NonStop line of servers
- TRSDOS – A floppy-disk-oriented OS supplied by Tandy/Radio Shack for their TRS-80 Z80-based line of personal computers. Eventually renamed as LS-DOS or LDOS.
- Color BASIC – A ROM-based OS created by Microsoft for the TRS-80 Color Computer.[21]
- NewDos/80 – A third-party OS for Tandy’s TRS-80 personal computers.
- DeskMate – Operating system created by Tandy Corporation and introduced with the Tandy 1000 computer.[citation needed]
- Edos – enhanced version of IBM’s DOS/360 (and later DOS/VS and DOS/VSE) operating system for System/360 and System/370 IBM mainframes
- TI-RTOS Kernel – Real-time operating system for TI’s embedded devices.
- TRON – open real-time operating system kernel
- T-Kernel
- EXEC I
- EXEC II
- EXEC 8/OS 1100/OS 2200
- VS/9, successor to RCA TSOS
- OS/4 for 9000 series
- WPS Wang Word Processing System. Micro-code based system.
- OIS Wang Office Information System. Successor to the WPS. Combined the WPS and VP/MVP systems.
Weston Embedded Solutions
[edit]
- μC/OS-II – a small pre-emptive priority based multi-tasking kernel
- μC/OS-III – a small pre-emptive priority based multi-tasking kernel, with unlimited number of tasks and priorities, and round-robin scheduling
- Cesium RTOS — commercial continuation of Micrium’s μC/OS-III forked from the open-sources release
- VxWorks – Small footprint, scalable, high-performance RTOS for embedded microprocessor based systems.[22]
- Z80-RIO
- Lisp Machines, Inc. (also known as LMI) used an operating system written in MIT’s Lisp Machine Lisp.
- Symbolics Genera written in a systems dialect of the Lisp programming language called ZetaLisp and Symbolics Common Lisp. Genera was ported to a virtual machine for the DEC Alpha line of computers.
- Texas Instruments’ Explorer Lisp machine workstations also had systems code written in Lisp Machine Lisp.
- Xerox 1100 series of Lisp machines used an operating system also written in Interlisp, and was also ported to a virtual machine called «Medley.»
- ANDOS
- CSI-DOS
- MK-DOS
Non-standard language-based
[edit]
- Pilot operating system – written in the Mesa language and used on Xerox Star workstations.
- PERQ Operating System (POS) – written in PERQ Pascal.
Other proprietary non-Unix-like
[edit]
- Operating system for Эльбрус-1 (Elbrus-1) and Эльбрус-2 – used for application, job control, system programming,[23] implemented in uЭль-76 (AL-76).
- Business Operating System (BOS) – developed to be ported across microcomputers.
- EOS – developed by ETA Systems for use in their ETA-10 line of supercomputers
- EMBOS – developed by Elxsi for use on their mini-supercomputers
- GCOS – a proprietary operating system originally developed by General Electric
- MAI Basic Four – An OS implementing Business Basic from MAI Systems.
- Michigan Terminal System – Developed by a group of universities in the US, Canada, and the UK for use on the IBM System/360 Model 67, the System/370 series, and compatible mainframes
- MUSIC/SP – an operating system developed for the S/370, running normally under VM
- OS ES – an operating system for ES EVM
- PC-MOS/386 – DOS-like, but multiuser/multitasking
- Prolog-Dispatcher – used to control Soviet Buran space shuttle.
- SINTRAN III – an operating system used with Norsk Data computers.
- SkyOS – commercial desktop OS for PCs
- SODA – used by the Odra 1204 computers.[24]
- THEOS
- TSX-32 – a 32-bit operating system for x86 platform.
- TX990/TXDS, DX10 and DNOS – proprietary operating systems for TI-990 minicomputers
Other proprietary Unix-like and POSIX-compliant
[edit]
- Aegis (Apollo Computer)
- Amiga Unix (Amiga ports of Unix System V release 3.2 with Amiga A2500UX and SVR4 with Amiga A3000UX. Started in 1990, last version was in 1992)
- Coherent (Unix-like OS from Mark Williams Co. for PC class computers)
- DC/OSx (DataCenter/OSx—an operating system developed by Pyramid Technology for its MIPS-based systems)
- DG/UX (Data General Corp)
- DNIX from DIAB
- DSPnano RTOS (POSIX nanokernel, DSP Optimized, Open Source)
- HeliOS developed and sold by Perihelion Software mainly for transputer-based systems
- Interactive Unix (a port of the UNIX System V operating system for Intel x86 by Interactive Systems Corporation)
- IRIX from SGI
- MeikOS
- NeXTSTEP (developed by NeXT; a Unix-based OS based on the Mach microkernel)
- OS-9 Unix-like RTOS. (OS from Microware for Motorola 6809 based microcomputers)
- OS9/68K Unix-like RTOS. (OS from Microware for Motorola 680×0 based microcomputers; based on OS-9)
- OS-9000 Unix-like RTOS. (OS from Microware for Intel x86 based microcomputers; based on OS-9, written in C)
- OSF/1 (developed into a commercial offering by Digital Equipment Corporation)
- OPENSTEP
- QNX (POSIX, microkernel OS; usually a real time embedded OS)
- Rhapsody (an early form of Mac OS X)
- RISC iX – derived from BSD 4.3, by Acorn computers, for their ARM family of machines
- RISC/os (a port by MIPS Technologies of 4.3BSD for its MIPS-based computers)
- RMX
- SCO UNIX (from SCO, bought by Caldera who renamed themselves SCO Group)
- SINIX (a port by SNI of Unix to the MIPS architecture)
- Solaris (from Sun, bought by Oracle; a System V-based replacement for SunOS)
- SunOS (BSD-based Unix system used on early Sun hardware)
- SUPER-UX (a port of System V Release 4.2MP with features adopted from BSD and Linux for NEC SX architecture supercomputers)
- System V (a release of AT&T Unix, ‘SVR4’ was the 4th minor release)
- System V/AT, 386 (The first version of AT&T System V UNIX on the IBM 286 and 386 PCs, ported and sold by Microport)
- Trusted Solaris (Solaris with kernel and other enhancements to support multilevel security)
- UniFLEX (Unix-like OS from TSC for DMA-capable, extended addresses, Motorola 6809 based computers; e.g. SWTPC, Gimix and others)
- Unicos (the version of Unix designed for Cray Supercomputers, mainly geared to vector calculations)
- UTX-32 (Developed by Gould CSD (Computer System Division), a Unix-based OS that included both BSD and System V characteristics. It was one of the first Unix based systems to receive NSA’s C2 security level certification.)[citation needed]
- Zenix, Zenith corporations Unix (a popular USA electronics maker at the time)[citation needed]
- MINIX (study OS developed by Andrew S. Tanenbaum in the Netherlands)
- Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD), a variant of Unix originally for DEC PDP-11 and VAX hardware)
- FreeBSD (one of the outgrowths of UC Regents’ abandonment of CSRG’s ‘BSD Unix’)
- DragonFlyBSD, forked from FreeBSD 4.8
- MidnightBSD, forked from FreeBSD 6.1
- GhostBSD
- TrueOS (previously known as PC-BSD), made for desktop/laptop usage, now discontinued
- NomadBSD, a project aiming to tend FreeBSD to desktop/laptop needs
- NetBSD (an embedded device BSD variant)
- OpenBSD forked from NetBSD
- Bitrig forked from OpenBSD, discontinued
- FuguIta,[25] a live OpenBSD fork by a Japanese developer[26]
- OpenBSD forked from NetBSD
- Darwin, created by Apple using code from NeXTSTEP, FreeBSD, and NetBSD
- FreeBSD (one of the outgrowths of UC Regents’ abandonment of CSRG’s ‘BSD Unix’)
- GNU (also known as GNU/Hurd)
- Linux (see also List of Linux distributions) (alleged to be GNU/Linux[27] see GNU/Linux naming controversy)
- Android[28]
- Android-x86
- Remix OS
- EulerOS — Linux commercial distribution for cloud based software by Huawei
- openEuler — open-source community version of EulerOS
- NestOS — open-source cloud based operating system based on EulerOS, contributed by openEuler community
- Android-x86
- Android[28]
- Redox (written in Rust)[29]
- OpenSolaris
- illumos, contains original Unix (SVR4) code derived from the OpenSolaris (discontinued by Oracle in favor of Solaris 11 Express)
- OpenIndiana, operates under the illumos Foundation. Uses the illumos kernel, which is a derivative of OS/Net, which is basically an OpenSolaris/Solaris kernel with the bulk of the drivers, core libraries, and basic utilities.
- Nexenta OS, based on the illumos kernel with Ubuntu packages
- SmartOS, an illumos distribution for cloud computing with Kernel-based Virtual Machine integration.
- illumos, contains original Unix (SVR4) code derived from the OpenSolaris (discontinued by Oracle in favor of Solaris 11 Express)
- RTEMS (Real-Time Executive for Multiprocessor Systems)
- Syllable Desktop
- VSTa
- Plurix (or Tropix[30]) (by Federal University of Rio de Janeiro – UFRJ)
- TUNIS (University of Toronto)
- Xv6 — a simple Unix-like teaching operating system from MIT
- SerenityOS — aims to be a modern Unix-like operating system, yet with a look and feel that emulates 1990s operating systems such as Microsoft Windows and the classic Mac OS.
- Cosmos – written in C#
- EmuTOS — open source Atari TOS variant
- FreeDOS – open source MS-DOS variant
- Genode – operating system framework for microkernels (written in C++)
- Google Fuchsia
- Haiku – open source inspired by BeOS, in development
- Incompatible Timesharing System (ITS) – written in the MIDAS macro assembler language for the PDP-6 and PDP-10[31] by MIT students
- LiteOS
- MagiC — open source Atari TOS variant
- OpenHarmony — LiteOS kernel and kernel add-ons side of the kernel tree under Kernel Abstract Layer (KAL) structure
- Uniproton real-time operating system for ultra-low latency and adaptable mixed-critical deployment capabilities contributed by openEuler community and also part of OpenHarmony add-on kernel
- osFree – OS/2 Warp open source clone
- OSv – written in C++
- Phantom OS – persistent object-oriented
- ReactOS – open source OS designed to be binary compatible with Windows NT and its variants (Windows XP, Windows 2000, etc.); in development
- SharpOS – written in .NET C#
- Visopsys – written in C and assembly by Andy McLaughlin
- Quantix
- Plan 9 from Bell Labs – distributed OS developed at Bell Labs, based on original Unix design principles yet functionally different and going much further
- Inferno – distributed OS derived from Plan 9, originally from Bell Labs
- 9front, a derivative open-source project[32] made to resurrect Plan 9[33] to passionate developers
- Research Unix[34][35]
- Amoeba – research OS by Andrew S. Tanenbaum
- Barrelfish
- Croquet
- EROS – microkernel, capability-based
- Harmony – realtime, multitasking, multiprocessing message-passing system developed at the National Research Council of Canada.
- HelenOS – research and experimental operating system
- House – Haskell User’s Operating System and Environment, research OS written in Haskell and C
- ILIOS – Research OS designed for routing
- L4 – second generation microkernel
- Mach – from OS kernel research at Carnegie Mellon University; see NeXTSTEP
- Nemesis – Cambridge University research OS – detailed quality of service abilities
- Singularity – experimental OS from Microsoft Research written in managed code to be highly dependable
- Spring – research OS from Sun Microsystems
- THE multiprogramming system – by Dijkstra in 1968, at the Eindhoven University of Technology in the Netherlands, introduced the first form of software-based memory segmentation, freeing programmers from being forced to use actual physical locations
- Thoth – realtime, multiprocess message-passing system developed at the University of Waterloo.
- Tock
- V – from Stanford, early 1980s[36]
- Verve – OS designed by Microsoft Research to be verified end-to-end for type safety and memory safety
- Xinu – Study OS developed by Douglas E. Comer in the United States[37]
Disk operating systems (DOS)
[edit]
- 86-DOS (developed at Seattle Computer Products by Tim Paterson for the new Intel 808x CPUs; licensed to Microsoft, became PC DOS/MS-DOS. Also known by its working title QDOS.)
- PC DOS (IBM’s DOS variant, developed jointly with Microsoft, versions 1.0–7.0, 2000, 7.10)
- MS-DOS (Microsoft’s DOS variant for OEM, developed jointly with IBM, versions 1.x–6.22 Microsoft’s now abandoned DOS variant)
- Concurrent CP/M-86 3.1 (BDOS 3.1) with PC-MODE (Digital Research’s successor of CP/M-86 and MP/M-86)
- Concurrent DOS 3.1-4.1 (BDOS 3.1-4.1)
- Concurrent PC DOS 3.2 (BDOS 3.2) (Concurrent DOS variant for IBM compatible PCs)
- DOS Plus 1.1, 1.2 (BDOS 4.1), 2.1 (BDOS 5.0) (single-user, multi-tasking system derived from Concurrent DOS 4.1-5.0)
- Concurrent DOS 8-16 (dual-processor variant of Concurrent DOS for 8086 and 8080 CPUs)
- Concurrent DOS 286 1.x
- FlexOS 1.00-2.34 (derivative of Concurrent DOS 286)
- FlexOS 186 (variant of FlexOS for terminals)
- FlexOS 286 (variant of FlexOS for hosts)
- Siemens S5-DOS/MT (industrial control system based on FlexOS)
- IBM 4680 OS (POS operating system based on FlexOS)
- IBM 4690 OS (POS operating system based on FlexOS)
- Toshiba 4690 OS (POS operating system based on IBM 4690 OS and FlexOS)
- FlexOS 386 (later variant of FlexOS for hosts)
- IBM 4690 OS (POS operating system based on FlexOS)
- Toshiba 4690 OS (POS operating system based on IBM 4690 OS and FlexOS)
- IBM 4690 OS (POS operating system based on FlexOS)
- FlexOS 1.00-2.34 (derivative of Concurrent DOS 286)
- Concurrent DOS 386 1.0, 1.1, 2.0, 3.0 (BDOS 5.0-6.2)
- Concurrent DOS 386/MGE (Concurrent DOS 386 variant with advanced graphics terminal capabilities)
- Multiuser DOS 5.0, 5.01, 5.1 (BDOS 6.3-6.6) (successor of Concurrent DOS 386)
- CCI Multiuser DOS 5.0-7.22 (up to BDOS 6.6)
- Datapac Multiuser DOS
- Datapac System Manager 7 (derivative of Datapac Multiuser DOS)
- IMS Multiuser DOS 5.1, 7.0, 7.1 (BDOS 6.6-6.7)
- IMS REAL/32 7.50, 7.51, 7.52, 7.53, 7.54, 7.60, 7.61, 7.62, 7.63, 7.70, 7.71, 7.72, 7.73, 7.74, 7.80, 7.81, 7.82, 7.83, 7.90, 7.91, 7.92, 7.93, 7.94, 7.95 (BDOS 6.8 and higher) (derivative of Multiuser DOS)
- IMS REAL/NG (successor of REAL/32)
- IMS REAL/32 7.50, 7.51, 7.52, 7.53, 7.54, 7.60, 7.61, 7.62, 7.63, 7.70, 7.71, 7.72, 7.73, 7.74, 7.80, 7.81, 7.82, 7.83, 7.90, 7.91, 7.92, 7.93, 7.94, 7.95 (BDOS 6.8 and higher) (derivative of Multiuser DOS)
- Concurrent DOS XM 5.0, 5.2, 6.0, 6.2 (BDOS 5.0-6.2) (real-mode variant of Concurrent DOS with EEMS support)
- DR-DOS 3.31, 3.32, 3.33, 3.34, 3.35, 5.0, 6.0 (BDOS 6.0-7.1) single-user, single-tasking native DOS derived from Concurrent DOS 6.0)
- Novell PalmDOS 1 (BDOS 7.0)
- Novell DR DOS «StarTrek»
- Novell DOS 7 (single-user, multi-tasking system derived from DR DOS, BDOS 7.2)
- Novell DOS 7 updates 1-10 (BDOS 7.2)
- Caldera OpenDOS 7.01 (BDOS 7.2)
- Enhanced DR-DOS 7.01.0x (BDOS 7.2)
- Dell Real Mode Kernel (DRMK)
- Enhanced DR-DOS 7.01.0x (BDOS 7.2)
- Caldera OpenDOS 7.01 (BDOS 7.2)
- Novell DOS 7 updates 11–15.2 (BDOS 7.2)
- Caldera DR-DOS 7.02-7.03 (BDOS 7.3)
- DR-DOS «WinBolt»
- OEM DR-DOS 7.04-7.05 (BDOS 7.3)
- OEM DR-DOS 7.06 (PQDOS)
- OEM DR-DOS 7.07 (BDOS 7.4/7.7)
- Caldera DR-DOS 7.02-7.03 (BDOS 7.3)
- Novell DOS 7 updates 1-10 (BDOS 7.2)
- DR-DOS 3.31, 3.32, 3.33, 3.34, 3.35, 5.0, 6.0 (BDOS 6.0-7.1) single-user, single-tasking native DOS derived from Concurrent DOS 6.0)
- Concurrent PC DOS 3.2 (BDOS 3.2) (Concurrent DOS variant for IBM compatible PCs)
- Concurrent DOS 3.1-4.1 (BDOS 3.1-4.1)
- FreeDOS (open source DOS variant)
- ProDOS (operating system for the Apple II series computers)
- PTS-DOS (MS-DOS variant by Russian company Phystechsoft)
- TurboDOS (Software 2000, Inc.) for Z80 and Intel 8086 processor-based systems
- Multi-tasking user interfaces and environments for MS-DOS compatible operating systems
- DESQview + QEMM 386 multi-tasking user interface
- DESQView/X (X-windowing GUI
Network operating systems
[edit]
- Banyan VINES – by Banyan Systems
- Cambridge Ring
- Cisco IOS – by Cisco Systems
- Cisco NX-OS – previously SAN-OS
- CTOS – by Convergent Technologies, later acquired by Unisys
- Data ONTAP – by NetApp
- ExtremeWare – by Extreme Networks
- ExtremeXOS – by Extreme Networks
- Fabric OS – by Brocade
- JunOS – by Juniper
- NetWare – networking OS by Novell
- Network operating system (NOS) – developed by CDC for use in their Cyber line of supercomputers
- Novell Open Enterprise Server – Open Source networking OS by Novell. Can incorporate either SUSE Linux or Novell NetWare as its kernel
- Plan 9 – distributed OS developed at Bell Labs, based on Unix design principles but not functionally identical
- Inferno – distributed OS derived from Plan 9, originally from Bell Labs
- SONiC
- TurboDOS – by Software 2000, Inc.
Generic, commodity, and other
[edit]
- BLIS/COBOL
- A2 formerly named Active Object System (AOS), and then Bluebottle (a concurrent and active object update to the Oberon operating system)
- BS1000 by Siemens
- BS2000 by Siemens, now BS2000/OSD from Fujitsu Siemens (formerly Siemens Nixdorf Informationssysteme)
- BS3000 by Siemens (rebadging of Fujitsu’s MSP operating system)[38]
- Contiki for various, mostly 8-bit systems, including the Apple II, Atari 8-bit computers, and some Commodore machines.
- FLEX9 (by Technical Systems Consultants (TSC) for Motorola 6809 based machines; successor to FLEX, which was for Motorola 6800 CPUs)
- Graphics Environment Manager (GEM) (windowing GUI for CP/M, DOS, and Atari TOS)
- GEOS (popular windowing GUI for PC, Commodore, Apple computers)
- JavaOS
- JNode (Java New Operating System Design Effort), written 99% in Java (native compiled), provides own JVM and JIT compiler. Based on GNU Classpath.[39][40]
- JX Java operating system that focuses on a flexible and robust operating system architecture developed as an open source system by the University of Erlangen.
- KERNAL (default OS on Commodore 64)
- MERLIN for the Corvus Concept
- MorphOS (Amiga compatible)
- MSP by Fujitsu (successor to OS-IV), now MSP/EX,[41] also known as Extended System Architecture (EXA), for 31-bit mode
- NetWare (networking OS by Novell)
- Oberon (operating system) (developed at ETH-Zürich by Niklaus Wirth et al.) for the Ceres and Chameleon workstation projects
- OSD/XC by Fujitsu-Siemens (BS2000 ported to an emulation on a Sun SPARC platform)
- OS-IV by Fujitsu (based on early versions of IBM’s MVS)
- Pick (often licensed and renamed)
- PRIMOS by Prime Computer (sometimes spelled PR1MOS and PR1ME)
- Sinclair QDOS (multitasking for the Sinclair QL computer)
- SSB-DOS (by Technical Systems Consultants (TSC) for Smoke Signal Broadcasting; a variant of FLEX in most respects)
- SymbOS (GUI based multitasking operating system for Z80 computers)
- Symobi (GUI based modern micro-kernel OS for x86, ARM and PowerPC processors, developed by Miray Software; used and developed further at Technical University of Munich)
- TripOS, 1978
- TurboDOS (Software 2000, Inc.)
- UCSD p-System (portable complete programming environment/operating system/virtual machine developed by a long running student project at UCSD; directed by Prof Kenneth Bowles; written in Pascal)
- VOS by Stratus Technologies with strong influence from Multics
- VOS3 by Hitachi for its IBM-compatible mainframes, based on IBM’s MVS
- VM2000 by Siemens
- Visi On (first GUI for early PC machines; not commercially successful)
- VPS/VM (IBM based, main operating system at Boston University for over 10 years.)
- AROS – AROS Research Operating System (formerly known as Amiga Research Operating System)
- AtheOS – branched to become Syllable Desktop
- Syllable Desktop – a modern, independently originated OS; see AtheOS
- BareMetal
- DSPnano RTOS
- EmuTOS
- EROS – Extremely Reliable Operating System
- HelenOS – based on a preemptible microkernel design
- LSE/OS
- MenuetOS – extremely compact OS with GUI, written entirely in FASM assembly language
- KolibriOS – a fork of MenuetOS
- MMURTL[42] (Message based MUltitasking Real-Time kerneL, pronounced ‘Myrtle’)[43]
- SerenityOS
- SerpaeOS
- TempleOS – biblical-themed OS, written in HolyC by Terry Davis
- ToaruOS
- PonyOS
Mobile operating systems
[edit]
- DIP DOS on Atari Portfolio
- Embedded Linux (see also Linux for mobile devices)
- Android
- CalyxOS
- DivestOS
- EMUI
- Flyme OS
- GrapheneOS
- Kali NetHunter
- LineageOS
- MIUI
- One UI
- Replicant
- See also List of custom Android distributions
- Firefox OS
- KaiOS
- Ångström distribution
- Familiar Linux
- Mæmo based on Debian deployed on Nokia’s Nokia 770, N800 and N810 Internet Tablets.
- OpenZaurus
- webOS from Palm, Inc., later Hewlett-Packard via acquisition, and most recently at LG Electronics through acquisition from Hewlett-Packard[44]
- Access Linux Platform
- bada
- Openmoko Linux
- OPhone
- MeeGo (from merger of Maemo & Moblin)
- Mobilinux
- MotoMagx
- Qt Extended
- Sailfish OS
- Tizen (earlier called LiMo Platform)
- Ubuntu Touch
- postmarketOS
- Android
- Inferno (distributed OS originally from Bell Labs)
- Magic Cap
- MS-DOS on Poqet PC, HP 95LX, HP 100LX, HP 200LX, HP 1000CX, HP OmniGo 700LX
- NetBSD
- Newton OS on Apple MessagePad
- Palm OS from Palm, Inc; now spun off as PalmSource
- PEN/GEOS on HP OmniGo 100 and 120
- PenPoint OS
- Plan 9 from Bell Labs
- PVOS
- Symbian OS
- EPOC
- Windows CE, from Microsoft
- Pocket PC from Microsoft, a variant of Windows CE
- Windows Mobile from Microsoft, a variant of Windows CE
- Windows Phone from Microsoft
- DSPnano RTOS
- iOS
- watchOS
- tvOS
- iPod software
- iPodLinux
- iriver clix OS
- RockBox
- BlackBerry OS
- PEN/GEOS, GEOS-SC, GEOS-SE
- Symbian platform (successor to Symbian OS)
- BlackBerry 10
- HarmonyOS
- CatOS – by Cisco Systems
- Cisco IOS – originally Internetwork Operating System by Cisco Systems
- DNOS – by DriveNets
- Inferno – distributed OS originally from Bell Labs
- IOS-XR – by Cisco Systems
- JunOS – by Juniper Networks
- LCOS – by LANCOM Systems[45]
- Linux
- OpenWrt
- DD-WRT
- LEDE
- Gargoyle
- LibreCMC
- Zeroshell
- OpenWrt
- FTOS – by Force10 Networks
- FreeBSD
- Huawei VRP (Versatile Routing Platform) that many Huawei devices operate on[46]
- LiteOS
- HarmonyOS
- OpenHarmony
- EulerOS
- openEuler
- m0n0wall
- OPNsense
- pfsense
- List of wireless router firmware projects
- Apache Mynewt
- ChibiOS/RT
- Contiki
- ERIKA Enterprise
- eCos
- NetBSD
- Nucleus RTOS[47]
- NuttX
- Minix
- NCOS
- freeRTOS, openRTOS, safeRTOS
- Fuchsia
- OpenEmbedded (or Yocto Project)
- OpenHarmony
- pSOS (Portable Software On Silicon)
- PX5 RTOS
- QNX – Unix-like real-time operating system, aimed primarily at the embedded systems market.[48]
- REX OS – microkernel; usually an embedded cell phone OS
- RIOT
- ROM-DOS
- TinyOS
- ThreadX
- Tock
- RT-Thread
- DSPnano RTOS
- Windows IoT – formerly Windows Embedded
- Windows CE
- Windows IoT Core
- Windows IoT Enterprise
- Wind River VxWorks RTOS.[22]
- Wombat – microkernel; usually real-time embedded
- Zephyr
- LiteOS
- brickOS
- leJOS
- Cambridge CAP computer – operating system demonstrated the use of security capabilities, both in hardware and software, also a useful fileserver, implemented in ALGOL 68C
- Flex machine – Custom microprogrammable hardware, with an operating system, (modular) compiler, editor, * garbage collector and filing system all written in ALGOL 68.
- HYDRA – Running on the C.mmp computer at Carnegie Mellon University, implemented in the programming language BLISS[49]
- KeyKOS nanokernel
- EROS microkernel
- V – from Stanford, early 1980s[36]
- HarmonyOS NEXT[50]
- Google Fuchsia
- Phantom OS[51]
- Comparison of operating systems
- Comparison of real-time operating systems
- Timeline of operating systems
- Operating systems
- Embedded operating systems
- Real-time operating systems
- ^ 3200 Computer System SCOPE/COMPASS Reference Manual (PDF). Control Data Corporation. September 1964. 60057700.
- ^ 3600 Computer System SCOPE/Reference Manual (PDF). Control Data Corporation. September 1964. 60053300.
- ^ 3600 3800 Computer Systems Drum SCOPE/MSIO Operating Guide (PDF). Control Data Corporation. July 1967. 60059200B.
- ^ 6000 Series Computer Systems Chippewa Operating System Reference Manual (PDF). Control Data Corporation. December 1965. 60134400.
- ^ KRONOS 2.1 Reference Manual Volume 1 of 2 (PDF). Control Data Corporation. June 17, 1975. 60407000D.
- ^ NOS Version 1 Reference Manual Volume 1 of 2 (PDF). Control Data Corporation. December 5, 1980. 60435400M.
- ^ NOS Version 1 Reference Manual Volume 2 of 2 (PDF). Control Data Corporation. December 5, 1980. 60445300M.
- ^ Control Data 6400/6600 Computer Systems SCOPE Reference Manual (PDF). Control Data Corporation. September 1966. 60173800.
- ^ NOS/BE Version 1 Reference Manual (PDF). Control Data Corporation. June 13, 1978. 60493800E.
- ^ 6600 Computer System Operating System/Reference Manual SIPROS 66 (PDF) (First ed.). Control Data Corporation. 60101800A.
- ^ Datapoint 2200 Cassette Tape Operating System (PDF). Datapoint. May 1972.
- ^ Disk Operating System DOS. User’s Guide (PDF). Datapoint. February 1975.
- ^ «Container-Optimized OS from Google documentation». Google Cloud Platform.
- ^ {{cite web
} title = Availability: VM/ESA Version 2 Release 1.0 with OpenEdition for VM/ESA
| id = 295-240
| date = June 12, 1995
| series = Announcement letters
| url = https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/announcements/archive/ENUS295-240
| publisher = IBM
| access-date = March 29, 2024
}} - ^ «z/VM V3R1 Enabled for 64-bit Architecture». Announcement Letters. IBM. October 3, 2000. 200-358. Archived from the original on December 17, 2021. Retrieved January 31, 2022.
- ^ Johnstone, J. L. «RTOS: extending OS/360 for real time spaceflight control». Proceedings of the May 14–16, 1969, Spring Joint Computer Conference. pp. 15–27. doi:10.1145/1476793.1476796. ISBN 9781450379021.
- ^ «NCR 8200 Series: Technical and Commercial Documentation» (PDF). Delran, NJ, USA.: Datapro Research Corporation. 1980.
- ^ Deloche, G. «Implementation of the Host — Host Software Procedures in GORDO». ietf.org. Retrieved March 13, 2025.
- ^ Bétourné, Claude; et al. (2004). «ÉSOPE : une étape de la recherche française en systèmes d’exploitation (1968-1972)». Actes du septième Colloque sur l’Histoire de l’Informatique et des Transmissions (in French): 173–198. Retrieved March 21, 2025.
- ^ «SCO History by William Bader». Retrieved 2010-03-12.
- ^ «Getting Started with Extended Color Basic (Tandy)» (PDF).
- ^ a b «VxWorks». www.windriver.com.
- ^ «Эльбрус Бабаяна и Pentium Пентковского». Ixbt.com. Retrieved 2013-09-21.
- ^ Władysław M. Turski (1968). «SODA—A Dual Activity Operating System». The Computer Journal. 11 (2): 148–156. doi:10.1093/comjnl/11.2.148.
- ^ «Welcome — FuguIta». fuguita.org. Retrieved 2022-08-10.
- ^ «DistroWatch.com: FuguIta». distrowatch.com. Retrieved 2022-08-10.
- ^ «gnu.org». www.gnu.org. Retrieved 2018-08-24.
- ^ «Video: What a Year for Linux». The Linux Foundation. 2012-12-13. Retrieved 2020-06-30.
- ^ «Redox — Your Next(Gen) OS — Redox — Your Next(Gen) OS». www.redox-os.org.
- ^ «TROPIX: Distribuição e Instalação». www.tropix.nce.ufrj.br. Retrieved 2018-08-24.
- ^ «ITS 1.5 Reference Manual» (PDF). July 1969. p. 6.
- ^ «Introduction to 9front | Hacker News». news.ycombinator.com. Retrieved 2022-09-19.
- ^ «Plan9 has been forked: 9front | Hacker News». news.ycombinator.com. Retrieved 2022-09-19.
- ^ «Caldera license» (PDF). 2002-01-23. Retrieved 2019-01-29.
- ^ «UNIX is free!». www.lemis.com. Retrieved 2018-08-24.
- ^ a b «Capability-Based Computer Systems» (PDF). Cs.washington.edu. Retrieved 2013-09-21.
- ^ «Despite its name suggesting some similarity to Unix, Xinu is a different type of operating system, written with no knowledge of the Unix source code, or compatibility goals. It uses different abstractions, and system calls, some with names matching those of Unix, but different semantics.»
Garfinkel, Simson; Spafford, Gene; Schwartz, Alan (2003). Practical UNIX and Internet Security. O’Reilly. p. 19. - ^ «SIEMENS «TO RESUME MARKETING FUJITSU IBMULATORS»«. Tech Monitor. 1989-07-04. Retrieved 2023-01-04.
- ^ «JNode 0.2.8 Released», Thom Holwerda, OSNews, 4 February 2009.
- ^ Jnode: Java New Operating System Design Effort Archived 2020-12-23 at the Wayback Machine, jnode.org. Retrieved 24 July 2014.
- ^ «Fujitsu Extended System Architecture (EXA) Operating System» (PDF). Fujitsu.com. Retrieved 2013-09-21.
- ^ «Book & Source code Download Page». IP Data Corporation. Archived from the original on July 4, 2014. Retrieved June 17, 2022.
- ^ Burgess, Richard (September 1, 2000). MMURTT V1.0. IP Data Corporation. p. 8. ISBN 1588530000.
- ^ «HP News — LG Electronics Acquires webOS from HP to Enhance Smart TV». .hp.com. 2013-02-25. Retrieved 2013-09-21.
- ^ «LCOS Data-Sheet» (PDF).
- ^ «Huawei VRP (Versatile Routing Platform)». IPCisco.com. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
- ^ «Mentor Nucleus RTOS».
- ^ «QNX operating systems, development tools, and professional services for connected embedded systems». www.qnx.com.
- ^ Wulf, William A.; Harbison, Samual P. «Reflections in a pool of processors — An experience report on C.mmp/Hydra» (PDF). University of Auckland. p. 945. Retrieved 2013-09-21.
- ^ Děcký, Martin. «Microkernel-based and Capability-based Operating Systems» (PDF). D3S. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
- ^ Dziuba, Ted. «Russian rides Phantom to OS immortality». The Register. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
- «List of Operating Systems». www.operating-system.org.