Gpu passthrough on windows

In some scenarios, you may need to use a video card (containing a GPU), also called a graphic adapter or display adapter, on a virtual machine. However, using an emulated video card in a Hyper-V virtual machine may not be enough for tasks utilizing OpenGL, Direct3D, CUDA, and other hardware-related features. Fortunately, it is possible to attach a physical video card to a VM on a Hyper-V host by using the Hyper-V GPU passthrough feature.

What Is GPU Passthrough?

GPU Passthrough is a feature that allows you to connect a physical video card installed on a physical host to a virtual machine without emulation. As a result, the virtual machine can use a physical graphics adapter directly.

By default, Hyper-V virtual machines use an emulated graphics card, which relies on the Hyper-V host’s CPU. However, this approach only allows users to work with the most basic tasks but is not enough for tasks that require more graphics performance.

NOTE: A GPU can be integrated into the chipset on a motherboard or into a central processing unit (CPU), also called a processor (for the latest Intel processor generations and related architecture). A high-performance GPU is a chip on a discrete video card attached to a motherboard using the PCI Express interface (PCIe).

Key Benefits of GPU Passthrough in Hyper-V

A physical graphics card connected via GPU passthrough in a Hyper-V virtual machine can be used by home users, developers, designers, and others in specific scenarios. The most common scenarios are:

• Running applications using graphics-intensive workloads (graphic design, 3D modeling, AutoCAD drawing, engineering and calculations, game design and game development, etc.). Using hardware-accelerated rendering.
• Running games with hardware acceleration features. Some games may not work without a physical video card.
• Running machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) applications using a GPU.

The benefits of the GPU passthrough mode are:

• Better graphics performance with VMs directly accessing a graphics card for graphic-intensive applications or games. Video playback is smoother. Hardware-accelerated graphics and the latest APIs are available.
• Flexible utilization of hardware resources. Using one Hyper-V host for multiple VMs with uneven graphics-intensive tasks in cases where using dedicated workstations is not optimal.
• Cost-efficiency. GPU passthrough can save costs in some scenarios, especially in terms of using hardware resources. This feature can be also used for a virtual desktop infrastructure (VDI).
• Security. The security advantages are similar to those of virtualization in general. If vulnerabilities are exploited in VMs, the VMs run in an isolated environment, and there are more possibilities to mitigate the issue. In case of serious issues, it is possible to restore VMs rapidly from a backup.

Requirements

To configure a VM with GPU passthrough on a Hyper-V host, you must meet certain hardware and software requirements. Not all video cards can be used for this feature.

Hardware specifications for GPU Passthrough

• The CPU on the Hyper-V host must support Intel-VT or AMD-V virtualization features. The appropriate virtualization feature must be enabled for your processor on your Hyper-V host in UEFI/BIOS settings.
• The Input-Output Memory Management Unit (IOMMU) must be supported by the CPU on the Hyper-V host. This feature is required for PCI passthrough, including video card or GPU passthrough.
• A video card with a GPU that supports GPU virtualization technologies, such as NVIDIA GRID or AMD MxGPU (Multiuser GPU). These technologies are vendor-specific. Using server-class hardware improves success rates. Older devices that use PCI Interrupts (INTx) are not supported.
• SR-IOV (Single Root Input/Output Virtualization) should be supported and enabled to avoid errors.

Software requirements for Hyper-V Passthrough

• Windows Server 2016 or later Windows Server version (preferred)
• Windows 10 or Windows 11
• The Hyper-V role (feature) must be enabled in Windows.
• The latest graphics drivers must be installed on the Hyper-V host and VM guest using GPU passthrough.
• Only Generation 2 Hyper-V VMs must be used for GPU passthrough with DDA.

Limitations and Unsupported Configurations

Note the configurations that are not supported for using GPU passthrough:

• VMs using Hyper-V Dynamic Memory, that is, the feature to allocate and deallocate RAM for a VM as needed, cannot use GPU passthrough.
• GPU Passthrough is available only on the highest Windows editions, such as Windows Server 2019 Datacenter.
• If Windows Subsystem for Linux is deployed on the Hyper-V host, then an error with code 43 can occur on the VM.
• Clustering features such as High Availability and VM live migration are not supported.
• Save and restore with VM checkpoints are not supported.

Setting Up GPU Passthrough: What You Need to Know

You should be aware that GPU passthrough configuration may be more complex than most regular VM configuration tasks. The scalability of virtual environments when using GPU passthrough is not as high when using the default method for video card emulation. You cannot migrate VMs using the GPU passthrough feature between Hyper-V hosts because these VMs are bound to physical graphic adapters installed in the host.

Up to Windows Server 2016, the RemoteFX feature was used for GPU passthrough to virtual machines. After Windows Server 2019 and Windows 10 build 1809, the RemoteFX feature is no longer available, and only Hyper-V Direct Device Assignment (DDA) can be used to pass through a graphics card, similarly to any other PCI/PCIe devices, including NVMe storage devices. DDA is the analog of VMware PCI passthrough.

RemoteFX is an extension for RDP (Microsoft Remote Display Protocol) used to connect USB devices (that are attached to the host) to a virtual machine. RemoteFX vGPU was used for graphics cards accordingly. RemoteFX allowed the sharing of one GPU for multiple VMs, which is not possible with Discrete Device Assignment. RemoteFX also limited the amount of dedicated video memory to 1 GB for each VM and the maximum FPS is 30. In the case of DDA, there is no such video RAM limitation, and FPS can be set to 60.

If you use Windows Server 2016 Datacenter or other Windows versions and editions that used to support RemoteFX, you can install a Windows update to completely remove this feature from Hyper-V and avoid any potential security vulnerabilities. The official version from Microsoft is that RemoteFX was removed to avoid architectural Hyper-V vulnerabilities. RemoteFX was attractive for high-density virtual environments when it was not possible to assign a dedicated physical graphics card to each VM. Note that DDA works on Windows Server versions (not on client versions, such as Windows 10).

GPU partitioning in PowerShell can be a solution on client Windows versions, but copying video drivers from the host OS to a Guest OS (that must be the same as on the host OS) is tricky. Generation 2 VMs must be used. A graphics card must support GPU partitioning in this case.

Configuring GPU Passthrough in Hyper-V

Follow the steps below to prepare the environment and configure Hyper-V GPU passthrough.

Preparing to configure GPU passthrough

1. Ensure that your hardware and software support GPU virtualization.
2. Enable Intel VT-d or AMD-V virtualization features for your CPU in UEFI/BIOS on the Hyper-V host.
3. Enable IOMMU. The IOMMU setting can be enabled in different ways on different motherboards with different UEFI/BIOS versions. Sometimes, this setting can be located in the North Bridge configuration. Or IOMMU can be enabled when you enable Intel VT-d or AMD-V. Check the feature called Memory Remap in UEFI/BIOS.

   You can check whether IOMMU is enabled on a Hyper-V host machine with the PowerShell command (as Administrator):

   (Get-VMHost).IovSupport; (Get-VMHost).IovSupportReasons

   True – enabled; False – disabled.

4. Remove all checkpoints for the VM that you are going to configure using GPU passthrough.

   If automatic checkpoints are enabled for the VM, you can disable them with the PowerShell command:

   Set-VM -Name VMName -AutomaticStopAction TurnOff

GPU passthrough in Windows Server

1. To set cache and limits for 32-bit (3 GB for 32-bit operating systems) MIMO space, run this PowerShell command as Administrator:

   Set-VM -Name VMName -GuestControlledCacheTypes $True -LowMemoryMappedIoSpace 3Gb -HighMemoryMappedIoSpace 33280Mb

   Alternatively, you can use three separate commands:

   Set-VM -GuestControlledCacheTypes $true -VMName YourVMName

   Set-VM -LowMemoryMappedIoSpace 3Gb -VMName YourVMName

   Set-VM -HighMemoryMappedIoSpace 33280Mb -VMName YourVMName

   These limits define the memory that makes the device accessible for the VM. You can use a machine profile script from Microsoft to set the most precise MIMO limit values. The optimal values can be different for different video adapters. If you get a message that there are not enough resources when starting a VM, you should shut down the VM and modify these values. 33280 MB is used for a MIMO space greater than 32-bit.

2. Check the physical address of the PCI Express device (the device’s location path), which is the needed graphics card that you want to pass through.

   It can be done in Device Manager. You can open Device Manager by running the devmgmt.msc command. In Device Manager:

   • Right-click the needed display adapter in the Display Adapters section and hit Properties in the context menu.
   • Select the Details tab in the adapter properties window.
   • Select the Location paths property in the drop-down menu and copy the value (the values can be different for each computer).

   You can also use PowerShell to identify a device’s location path:

   Get-PnpDevice | Where-Object {$_.Present -eq $true} | Where-Object {$_.Class -eq "Display"}|select Name,InstanceId

   and

   Get-PnpDevice -Class Display | ForEach-Object { Write-Output "$($_.FriendlyName) has a device id of $($_.DeviceId) and is located at $($_ | Get-PnpDeviceProperty DEVPKEY_Device_LocationPaths | Select-Object -ExpandProperty Data | Where-Object { $_ -like "PCIROOT*" })"; }

   The output should contain a string like this:

   ‘PCIROOT(0)#PCI(0300)#PCI(0000)’

   

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3. Disable this graphics card in Device Manager. Right-click the video adapter and hit Disable device in the context menu.
   

   Картинка с сайта: www.nakivo.com

4. Dismount a disabled display adapter in PowerShell:

   Dismount-VmHostAssignableDevice -LocationPath "PCIROOT(0)#PCI(0300)#PCI(0000)" -Force

   Where:

   -Force is required when a partition driver (optional) is not installed. This is not a driver for a graphics card installed in a guest OS. Sometimes, a device vendor can provide this security mitigation driver for a device. If you are going to install this driver, you should install it before you dismount the PCI Express device from the host partition.

   The location path used in this command is just for illustration purposes, and you should use your specific value.

5. Run the command to assign this video card to a virtual machine with GPU passthrough via DDA:

   Add-VMAssignableDevice -VMName VMName -LocationPath "PCIROOT(0)#PCI(0300)#PCI(0000)"

6. Power on the VM and verify whether a physical video card is displayed in the Device Manager of the Windows VM together with the default emulated video adapter called Microsoft Hyper-V video.
7. Install drivers for the video card on the VM’s guest OS. You can download video drivers on the official NVIDIA or AMD website.
8. If you want to disconnect the video card from the VM, stop the VM and use the command on the host:

   Remove-VMAssignableDevice -VMName YourVMName -LocationPath $locationPath

   Next, run the command to connect the video card back to the Hyper-V host:

   Mount-VMHostAssignableDevice -LocationPath $locationPath

Configuration in Windows 10

On client Windows versions, such as Windows 10 and Windows 11 (starting from Windows 10 build 1903), the workflow to configure Hyper-V GPU passthrough is different and is possible by using the GPU partitioning method:

1. Check whether your video card supports GPU partitioning in Windows 10 with the PowerShell command:

   Get-VMPartitionableGpu

   In Windows 11, the command is:

   Get-VMHostPartitionableGpu

2. For GPU passthrough to a VM, the Add-VMGpuPartitionAdapter cmdlet is used. However, you must copy graphic drivers from the Hyper-V host machine to the virtual machine. Note that the driver version must be the same. A free Easy-GPU-PV script can be used to copy drivers because this is a tricky process. Download this script in a ZIP file and extract the contents of the ZIP archive to a folder on the Hyper-V host. This script can use GPU paravirtualization by utilizing mechanisms used for Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL2) and Windows Sandbox.
3. Open PowerShell as Administrator and run the command to allow script execution:

   Set-ExecutionPolicy -Scope Process -ExecutionPolicy Bypass -Force

   Set-ExecutionPolicy -ExecutionPolicy RemoteSigned -Scope CurrentUser

4. Shut down the VM. Run the script from the folder where the downloaded script is extracted to copy installed graphic drivers from the Hyper-V host to the VM and install the drivers on the VM:

   .\Update-VMGpuPartitionDriver.ps1 -VMName YourVMName -GPUName "AUTO"

5. Configure the VM to make it ready for GPU passthrough and video card association:

   Set-VM -VMName VMName -GuestControlledCacheTypes $true -LowMemoryMappedIoSpace 1Gb -HighMemoryMappedIoSpace 32Gb

   Add-VMGpuPartitionAdapter -VMName YourVMName

   • If you update the graphic drivers on a Hyper-V host, you must update the graphic drivers on the VM too. The VM must be powered off.

     .\Update-VMGpuPartitionDriver.ps1 -VMName YourVMName -GPUName "AUTO"

   • If you need to remove a video card from the VM, you can use the command:

     Remove-VMGpuPartitionAdapter -VMName "YourVMName"

If the video card has been connected to the VM successfully, you should see the appropriate display adapter in the Device Manager of the VM. You will also see visual effects for the guest Windows desktop theme, such as transparency, etc.

Note that some games and applications may not run even after configuring GPU passthrough. This can happen when an application forcibly initiates a compatibility check of the graphics card. The information about the connected video card in the guest OS is different from the information on the host OS. Some applications can perform the “running in a VM” check.

If applications using OpenGL do not work in the VM, installing OpenGL Compatibility Pack can help in some cases.

When using the GPU partitioning method for Windows 10 and Windows 11, the video adapter model displayed in Device Manager differs from the physical graphic adapter model displayed on the Hyper-V host. You can see a special Microsoft driver for this device. Vendor-specific tools, such as NVIDIA Control Panel (or AMD Control Panel), are not available in the VM.

Another issue that you may encounter happens if you close an RDP connection without disconnecting from an RDP session. In this case, all GPU memory can be disconnected, and all applications using the GPU will notify you about inaccessible video memory. These applications will stop working in this case, and reconnection via RDP will not fix the issue. Restarting applications using the GPU will be required.

Troubleshooting GPU Passthrough Issues

If you configured Hyper-V GPU passthrough and connected a video card to a VM, but the video card doesn’t work properly, check the following:

• Make sure that the latest graphic drivers are installed and there are no driver-related errors. Open Device Manager and check the device and driver status. You must install drivers downloaded from official vendor’s websites (NVIDIA, AMD, Intel) and not by using Windows Update.
• Ensure that you have assigned enough MIMO space for your VM.
• Check that the GPU passthrough configuration is supported by the vendor for your graphic adapter. Not all video cards of customer series can support this feature. Vendors can prefer enabling GPU passthrough only for top video cards.
• An application running inside a VM must support your video card and its drivers for proper work.
• Enable a group policy to use the GPU when connecting via Remote Desktop to a VM:

  Computer Configuration\Administrator Templates\Windows Components\Remote Desktop Services\Remote Desktop Session Host\Remote Session Environment\Use hardware graphics adapters for all Remote Desktop Services sessions

  Set the group policy value to Enabled.

• If you see an error like “The operation failed because the object was not found” or Error 12, try to add the registry keys in

  HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\HyperV

  with the values:

  RequireSecureDeviceAssignment = 0 (REG_DWORD)

  RequireSupportedDeviceAssignment = 0 (REG_DWORD)

  You can set these values with PowerShell commands:

  Set-ItemProperty -Path "HKLM:\SOFTWARE\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\HyperV" -Name "RequireSecureDeviceAssignment" -Type DWORD -Value 0 -Force

  Set-ItemProperty -Path "HKLM:\SOFTWARE\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\HyperV" -Name "RequireSupportedDeviceAssignment" -Type DWORD -Value 0 -Force

• Disable hypervisor checks for graphics drivers inside the VM. This configuration can be done in Enterprise Windows Driver Kit (WDK).
  • Mount the WDK ISO file to the virtual DVD drive of the VM.
  • Execute E:\LaunchBuildEnv.cmd (where E: is a virtual DVD drive of the VM) and then run the powershell command.
  • Go to the directory where the Remove-HypervisorChecks.ps1 script is located.
  • Run the command to remove hypervisor checks for a video driver (on an example of NVIDIA):

    ./Remove-HypervisorChecks.ps1 -Nvidia -DriverPath "C:\path-to-driver\package.exe"

  • Wait until script execution is completed.
  • Copy the prepared driver (a patched-driver.zip file) to the virtual machine, enable the test mode on the VM, and install the driver in a guest OS.

• If you encounter Error 43, ensure that the GPU and sound PCI bus (NVIDIA video cards may also have sound features) are kept together when using virtual machine GPU passthrough.
• If you see the following error when running the command:

  Update-VMGpuPartitionDriver.ps1 -VMName "YourVMName" -GPUName "AUTO"

  This error can be caused by multiple partitions (volumes) on a virtual hard disk. Try to set the hidden attribute for non-system (OS) partitions or temporarily delete these partitions after copying the needed data. An alternative option is to set the needed system (OS) partition explicitly in the PowerShell script or command.

Conclusion

Using a virtual machine with GPU passthrough on a Hyper-V host can be the optimal solution in some cases but be aware of the limitations. Server-grade hardware and Windows Server operating systems are generally preferred for using a discrete video card on virtual machines. Check for supported software and hardware before starting the configuration. Don’t forget to back up Hyper-V VMs to avoid losing data and time if something goes wrong when configuring a video card for VMs.

You may need a video card (GPU) in a virtual machine for tasks like OpenGL, Direct3D, and CUDA. In that case, we usually use an emulated video card, which is not as good of a performer as a dedicated GP. Therefore, in this post, we will learn how to attach a physical video card to a VM on a host.

How do I pass my GPU through Hyper-V?

To attach a physical video card to a VM on a Hyper-V host, we will use GPU Passthrough.

GPU passthrough is an advanced feature that allows you to assign a physical GPU to a virtual machine. This feature is particularly useful for applications such as gaming or 3D rendering, where high-performance graphics are required. In this setup, the virtual machine gains direct access to the physical graphics adapter without the overhead of emulation, which can significantly improve graphics performance. By default, virtual machines in Hyper-V use an emulated graphics card, which may not be sufficient for demanding graphics tasks. With GPU passthrough, the virtual machine can harness the full power of the physical GPU, enabling it to handle more intensive graphics workloads efficiently.

What are the system requirements for GPU Passthrough?

Before we go ahead and set up GPU Passthrough, let us make sure to meet the following prerequisites.

Hardware requirements

• You need to make sure that your processor supports Intel-VT or AMD-V Virtualization. 
• For PCI Passthrough, your processor must support an Input-Output Memory Management Unit (IOMMU).
• Your GPU must support GPU Virtualization technologies such as NVIDIA GRID or AMD MxGPU. These technologies are specific to individual vendors. Success rates can be improved by utilizing server-class hardware. Older devices that rely on PCI Interrupts (INTx) are not compatible.
• Finally, your system should support Single Root Input/Output Virtualization.

Software requirements:

• Operating System: Windows Server 2016 (or later) or Windows 11/10.
• Features: Hyper-V must be enabled.
• VM Generation: The virtual machine should be Generation 2.
• Drivers: All the GPU drivers should be updated to the latest version.

Limitations of GPU Passthrough:

If you want to use GPU Passthrough, you must avoid the following configuration.

• Your virtual machine should not be using Dynamic Memory.
• GPU Passthrough is only available on the highest Windows editions, like Windows Server 2019 Datacenter.
• If Windows Subsystem for Linux is deployed on the Hyper-V host, a VM error with code 43 can occur.
• Clustering features such as high availability and live VM migration are not supported.
• Save and restore with VM checkpoints are not supported.

After meeting the requirements mentioned earlier, we can leverage GPU Passthrough.

To attach a physical video card to a VM on a Hyper-V host using GPU Passthrough, follow the below steps.

1. Enable Intel-VT or AMD-V Virtualization
2. Configure your computer for GPU Passthrough
3. Set up GPU Passthrough for Windows 11/10
4. Set up GPU Passthrough for Windows Server

Let us talk about them in detail.

1] Enable Intel-VT or AMD-V Virtualization

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As mentioned in the prerequisites, our first step should be to enable Hardware Virtualization. So, if you are using an Intel CPU, you should enable Intel-VT, and AMD users, should enable AMD-V Virtualization.

To do so, boot into BIOS, go to the Configuration > Virtualization Technology,  and then set it to Enabled, since these steps are exclusive to HP, you can go to the linked post to see how to enable the feature for your computer.

Read: How to enable or disable Nested Virtualization for VMs in Hyper-V?

2] Configure your computer for GPU Passthrough

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Next, we need to configure the host computer for GPU Passthrough. We started by enabling Hardware Virtualization, as mentioned earlier. Next, we need to make sure that IOMMU is enabled and automatic checkpoints are disabled.

So, you can check the linked guide on enabling hardware virtualization to enable IOMMU, but it is usually enabled by default. We can open PowerShell and run the following query to check if it is enabled.

(Get-VMHost).IovSupport; (Get-VMHost).IovSupportReasons

If it says, True, the feature is enabled, you can move on to the next configuration, but if it says, False, you need to enable this feature.

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Now, go ahead and delete all the checkpoints of your VM, and then use the following commands to disable it.

Get-VM

Set-VM -Name NameOfVM -AutomaticStopAction TurnOff

Note: Replace the variable NameOfVM with the actual name of the virtual machine that you can fetch by running the previous command.

Read: How to enable Hyper-V on Windows 365 Cloud PC?

3] Set up GPU Passthrough for Windows 11/10

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First, let us learn how to enable GPU Passthrough on Windows client operating systems.

You need to run the following command to check if your video card supports GPU Passthrough.

Windows 11

Get-VMHostPartitionableGpu

Windows 10

Get-VMPartitionableGpu

Next, we need to copy the graphics driver from the host client to the VM. To simplify the process, we recommend downloading the ZIP file from github.com and extracting it somewhere.

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To run this script, we first need to allow script execution using the following two commands.

Set-ExecutionPolicy -Scope Process -ExecutionPolicy Bypass -Force

Set-ExecutionPolicy -ExecutionPolicy RemoteSigned -Scope CurrentUser

After running the command, you need to run the script using the following command. You can run it before and/or after adding your VM to GPU Passthrough

.\Update-VMGpuPartitionDriver.ps1 -VMName <VMNAME> -GPUName "AUTO"

Note: Make sure to add the path of the script and <VMNAME>. In my case, the script would be C:\Users\yusuf\Downloads\Easy-GPU-PV-main\Easy-GPU-PV-main\Update-VMGpuPartitionDriver.ps1 -VMName Ubuntu -GPUName “AUTO”.

Now, run the following command add your VM to GPU Passthrough.

Set-VM -VMName VMName -GuestControlledCacheTypes $true -LowMemoryMappedIoSpace 1Gb -HighMemoryMappedIoSpace 32Gb

Add-VMGpuPartitionAdapter -VMName <VMNAME>

To remove the GPU Partition, run – Remove-VMGpuPartitionAdapter -VMName <VMNAME>.

4] Set up GPU Passthrough for Windows Server

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If you are using Windows Server, you need to run the following command in the elevated mode of PowerShell to set cache and limits for 32-bit (3 GB for 32-bit operating systems) MIMO space.

Set-VM -Name VMNAME -GuestControlledCacheTypes $True -LowMemoryMappedIoSpace 3Gb -HighMemoryMappedIoSpace 33280Mb

These limits define the memory allowing VM access to the device. Use a Machine Profile script from learn.microsoft.com to set accurate MIMO limits. Adjust values if VM shows resource shortage; 33280 MB is needed for MIMO space larger than 32-bit.

Next up, we need to check the PCI Express device’s location. To do so, run the following queries.

Get-PnpDevice | Where-Object {$_.Present -eq $true} | Where-Object {$_.Class -eq "Display"}|select Name,InstanceId

AND

Get-PnpDevice -Class Display | ForEach-Object { Write-Output "$($_.FriendlyName) has a device id of $($_.DeviceId) and is located at $($_ | Get-PnpDeviceProperty DEVPKEY_Device_LocationPaths | Select-Object -ExpandProperty Data | Where-Object { $_ -like "PCIROOT*" })"; }

You need to see where your GPU is located, it should be something like PCIROOT(0)#PCI(0200).

Finally, follow the steps mentioned below.

• Open Device Manager, expand Display adapters, right-click on your display drivers, and click on Disable device.
• Run the following command to dismount the GPU driver after changing the PCI address.

Dismount-VmHostAssignableDevice -LocationPath "PCIROOT(0)#PCI(0200)" -Force

• After changing the PCI address and VM name, run the following command to assign a GPU device to the VM.

Add-VMAssignableDevice -VMName VMNAME -LocationPath "PCIROOT(0)#PCI(0200)"

• Turn on the VM and check for a physical video card in the Device Manager.
• Install the video card drivers from the NVIDIA or AMD website.

If you want to switch back to the host machine, shut down the VM and run the following query on the host device.

Remove-VMAssignableDevice -VMName VMNAME -LocationPath $locationPath

Then, run the following command to connect the video card back to the Hyper-V host.

Mount-VMHostAssignableDevice -LocationPath $locationPath

That’s it!

Also Read: Configure Secured-core Server for Windows Server.

В предыдущих версиях Hyper-V (начиная с Windows 7/Windows Server 2008R2) для проброса дискретной видеокарты с хоста в виртуальную машину можно было использовать технологию RemoteFX vGPU. Однако, начиная с Windows 10 1809 и Windows Server 2019, Майкрософт отключило поддержку RemoteFX. Вместо нее предлагается использовать новую технологию Discrete Device Assignment (DDA).

DDA позволяет пробросить PCI/PCIe устройства (включая GPU, NVMe) с хоста в виртуальную машину Hyper-V.

Основные требования к инфраструктуре для использования DDA в Hyper-V:

• Доступно только для виртуальных машин Hyper-V второго поколения (Gen 2);
• На ВМ должно быть отключены динамическая память и чекпоинты;
• Физическая карта должна поддерживать технологию GPU Partitioning;
• Если на хосте развернута среда WSL (Windows Subsystem for Linux), то при пробросе видеокарты с помощью GPU-P, в ВМ может появляться ошибка видеокарты с кодом 43;
• Хотя SR-IOV (Single Root Input/Output Virtualization) не заявлена в требованиях DDA, без ее поддержки проброс GPU в ВМ работает не корректно.

Discrete Device Assignment доступна только в Windows Server с ролью Hyper-V. В десктопных версиях Windows 10/11 для предоставления общего доступа к видеокарте в виртуальных машинах можно использовать GPU Partitioning. В этой статье мы покажем, как пробросить видеокарту в виртуальную машину на Hyper-V.

Проброс видеокарты в виртуальную машину на Windows Server с Hyper-V

Discrete Device Assignment (DDA) позволяет пробросить PCIe устройства в виртуальную машину во всех версиях Windows Server, начиная с 2016.

Перед пробросом GPU в ВМ, нужно изменить ее конфигурацию.

Отключить автоматическое создание снапшотов (описано в статье об управлении запуском и порядке загрузки ВМ на Hyper-V):

Set-VM -Name VMName -AutomaticStopAction TurnOff

Настроить кэш и лимиты памяти для 32-разрядного пространства MMIO:

Set-VM -Name VMName -GuestControlledCacheTypes $True -LowMemoryMappedIoSpace 3Gb -HighMemoryMappedIoSpace 33280Mb

Затем нужно получить физический путь к PCIe устройству видеокарты на хосте Hyper-V. Для этого нужно открыть свойства GPU в диспетчере устройств, перейти на вкладку Details и выбрать свойство Location paths. Скопируйте значение, которое начинается с PCIROOT.

Либо вы можете получить это значение с помощью PowerShell:
Get-PnpDevice | Where-Object {$_.Present -eq $true} | Where-Object {$_.Class -eq "Display"}|select Name,InstanceId

Отключить эту видеокарту на сервере Hyper-V в диспетчере устройств или с помощью PowerShell:

Dismount-VmHostAssignableDevice -LocationPath "PCIROOT(0)#PCI(0300)#PCI(0000)" –force

Теперь нужно пробросить GPU адаптер в виртуальную машину:

Add-VMAssignableDevice -VMName VMName -LocationPath "PCIROOT(0)#PCI(0300)#PCI(0000)"

Затем включите ВМ и проверьте, что ваша видеокарта появилась в диспетчере устройств в разделе Display Adapters вместе с устройством Microsoft Hyper-V Video.

Драйвера видеокарты должны быть предварительно установлены в ВМ.

Чтобы отключить GPU от ВМ и подключить его к хосту:

Remove-VMAssignableDevice -VMName VMName -LocationPath $locationPath
Mount-VMHostAssignableDevice -LocationPath $locationPath

Использование GPU в виртуальных машинах Hyper-V на Windows 10/11

GPU Partitioning (GPU-P) доступно в виртуальных машинах Hyper-V на Windows 10/11, начиная с билда 1903. Проверьте, что ваша видеокарта поддерживает режим GPU Partitioning с помощью команды Get-VMPartitionableGpu (Windows 10) или Get-VMHostPartitionableGpu (для Windows 11).

Для проброса видеокарты в ВМ используется командлет Add-VMGpuPartitionAdapter. Чтобы скопировать драйвера видеокарты с хоста Hyper-V в виртуальную машину нужно использовать скрипт Easy-GPU-PV (https://github.com/jamesstringerparsec/Easy-GPU-PV).

Скачайте ZIP архив с скриптом и распакуйте его в папку на хосте Hyper-V.

Картинка с сайта: winitpro.ru

Откройте консоль PowerShell с правами администратора и разрешите запуск PowerShell скриптов в текущей сессии (подробнее о PowerShell Execution Policy):

Set-ExecutionPolicy -Scope Process -ExecutionPolicy Bypass –Force

Выполняйте скрипт:

.\Update-VMGpuPartitionDriver.ps1 -VMName VMName -GPUName "AUTO"

Скрипт скопирует драйвера видеокарты с хоста в ВМ.

Картинка с сайта: winitpro.ru

Теперь осталось настроить ВМ и пробросить в нее GPU:

Set-VM -VMName VMName -GuestControlledCacheTypes $true -LowMemoryMappedIoSpace 1Gb -HighMemoryMappedIoSpace 32Gb
Add-VMGpuPartitionAdapter -VMName VMName

Если вы обновили драйвера видеокарты на хосте Hyper-V, нужно обновить их в ВМ:

.\Update-VMGpuPartitionDriver.ps1 -VMName VM Name -GPUName "AUTO"